ACTIVITY 4: PREPARATION OF PARACETAMOL SYRUP (LABORATORY)

Simple SolutionExample

Prepared by dissolving the solute in most of the solvent, mixing until dissolved, then adding sufficient solvent to bring the solution up to the proper volume.

Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution, USP

Example of Simple Solution

Aluminum Subacetate Topical Solution, USP.

Example of Solution by Chemical Reaction

Solution by Chemical Reaction

Prepared by reacting 2 or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent.

Solution by Extraction

For drugs of vegetable or animal origin and extracted with water or other solvents.

Belladona Extract, USP

Example of Solution by Extraction

Dispensing

Weighing and measuring of raw materials.

Mixing

Dissolution of solute in solvent.

1. Vigorous agitation.

2. Application of heat.

3. Particle size reduction.

4. Use of solubilizer and chelating agents.

Methods to hasten dissolution: (4)

Storage and Aging

For solutions with high amounts of volatile oils; enhances odor and flavor.

Filtration

Process of separating liquids from solids with the use of filter medium.

Filter Medium

Resists the flow of solid materials while permitting the passage of liquid.

• e.g Filter paper

Membrane Filter

(for sterile products; Bubble Point Test to test efficiency).

Cotton Filter

Filter for chromatography

1. Filter Medium

2. Membrane Filter

3. Cotton Filter

4. Glass-wool Filter

5. Sintered-glass Filter

FILTRATION (5)

1. Parallel Filtration

2. Series Filtration

Types of Filtration (2)

Parallel Filtration

Passes through one filter medium.

Series Filtration

Uses 2 or more filter media.

1. Gravimetric: For large containers and high viscosity.

2. Volumetric: Constant volume using piston action.

3. Constant-Level: Container is used to control fill.

FILLING

1. Gravimetric

2. Volumetric

3. Constant-Level

1. Solvent (aqueous & nonaqueous)

2. Co-solvent (ethanol, sorbitol, glycerine, propylene

glycol)

3. Buffer (carbonates, citrates, gluconates, lactates,

phosphates, tartrates, acetates)

4. Solubilizer (surfactants, cyclodextrins, complexing

agents)

5. Density modifier (dextrose)

6. Isotonicity modifier (NaCl, dextrose, boric acid)

7. Viscosity enhancer (sucrose, PVP, HEC, carbomer)

8. Antifungal Preservative (parabens, benzoic acid, Na

benzoate, Na propionate)

9. Antimicrobial Preservatives (benzalkonium Cl,

Cetylpyridinum Cl, Chlorobutanol, Phenol,

Thimerosal)

10. Antioxidant (Na meta/bisulphite, BHA, BHT,

ascorbic acid, Na formaldehyde sulfoxylate)

11. Sweetener (sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol,

glycerine, aspartame, acesulfame K)

12. Coloring (natural, synthetic)

13. Flavoring (natural, artificial)

FORMULATION (13)