NUR1006 Exam #2 Study Guide Flashcards

A complete list of vocabulary terms and definitions from the NUR1006 Exam #2 Study Guide covering Diabetes, Endocrine Disorders, Respiratory System, and Nervous System.

Insulin Pump

A small device that delivers continuous SQ rapid insulin in a basal-bolus format to mimic normal physiologic pattern; expensive, can malfunction, and requires site rotation.

Alcohol Use in Diabetes

Alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis, which can cause severe hypoglycemia; patients should eat carbohydrates when drinking or before bed to mitigate nocturnal hypoglycemia.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A condition where pancreatic beta cells are damaged resulting in absent or minimal insulin production; usually activated by a virus that triggers an autoimmune response and requires insulin treatment.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A condition with gradual onset characterized by cell resistance to insulin and inadequate insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells; caused by lifestyle factors and genetics.

Conscious Hypoglycemia Treatment

Oral administration of $15\text{--}20\text{ g}$ of simple carbohydrates, wait $15\text{ min}$, recheck blood glucose, and give more if still low.

Unconscious Hypoglycemia Treatment

Administration of D50 IV or glucagon SQ.

Insulin Mixing Rules

Draw clear before cloudy; NPH can be mixed with rapid-acting and short-acting insulins, but NOT with long-acting insulin.

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes

Retinopathy (assessed via visual acuity), Nephropathy (assessed via kidney function and UA), and Neuropathy (assessed via sensation, numbness, and tingling).

Hypoglycemia Signs and Symptoms

Cold, clammy skin, numbness, altered mental status, dizziness, nervousness, slurred speech, seizures, and coma.

Hyperglycemia Signs and Symptoms

Polyphagia, weakness, fatigue, blurred vision, nausea/vomiting, Kussmaul breathing, and polyuria.

Sliding Scale Insulin

A regimen where blood glucose level is measured and checked against a scale to determine the specific number of units to administer.

Basal-Bolus Insulin Regimen

A regimen combining continuous small background release of insulin (basal) to mimic the pancreas with mealtime insulin doses (bolus) corresponding to glucose influx.

Cushing Syndrome Consideration

Condition caused by chronic corticosteroid use; requires tapering off corticosteroids to allow adrenal glands to adjust and avoid adrenal insufficiency.

Graves Disease

Autoimmune disease where antibodies to TSH receptors stimulate the thyroid gland to release T3/T4, causing hyperthyroidism, increased MBR, heat intolerance, sweating, goiter, exophthalmos, and tremors.

Hypoparathyroidism

Low serum calcium due to a lack of PTH to maintain calcium levels; treated with calcium supplements.

Hyperparathyroidism

Over-secretion of PTH causing high serum calcium; treated with surgery, high fluid intake to dilute calcium, or diuretics.

Radioactive Iodine Therapy (RAI)

Treatment that damages thyroid tissue to decrease thyroid hormone levels; body fluids are radioactive during treatment and $80\text{--}$ of patients become hypothyroid.

Thyroidectomy Post-Op Priority

Monitoring ABCs: airway compromise, oxygen, and circulation.

Pneumonia Manifestations

Confusion, hypothermia, productive cough, fever, and fatigue.

Chest Tube Bubbling

Indicates a leak in the tubing or at the patient's insertion site; requires checking and retaping. Tube must not be clamped as it increases intrathoracic pressure.

COPD Nutritional Teaching

High protein, high carbs, moderate fat, and small frequent meals; rest $30\text{ min}$ before eating, avoid exercise $1\text{ hr}$ before/after eating, and avoid foods causing gas and abdominal distention.

Isoniazid

An anti-tubercular medication that requires baseline and ongoing liver function tests due to the side effect of non-viral hepatitis.

Tuberculosis Hospital Precautions

Airborne precautions: placement in a negative pressure room and use of an N95 or respirator.

Tuberculosis Diagnostic Criteria

Sputum culture is best; requires $3$ consecutive sputum specimens collected at $8\text{--}24\text{ hour}$ intervals.

Asthma Action Plan

Green zone ($80\text{--}100\text{\%}$ peak flow), Yellow zone ($50\text{--}80\text{\%}$ peak flow; take preventative and quick relief meds), and Red zone ($<50\text{\%}$ peak flow; take quick relief meds and call 911 if no symptom improvement after $15\text{ min}$).

Pursed-Lip Breathing

Breathing intervention involving normal slow deep inhalation and prolonged exhalation (as if exhaling through a straw) to prevent alveolar collapse and air trapping.

Atelectasis

Collapsed, airless alveoli caused by secretions obstructing small airways; managed with early mobility, coughing, incentive spirometer, and deep breathing exercises.

Seizure Phases

1. Prodromal (behaviors preceding seizure), 2. Aural (sensory warning before seizure), 3. Ictal (from first symptom to end of seizure), 4. Postictal (recovery period).

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

A generalized seizure featuring loss of consciousness, stiffness followed by jerking of extremities, cyanosis, tongue biting, incontinence, and a postictal phase with confusion, tiredness, and no memory.

Absence Seizure

A generalized seizure in children characterized by sudden onset of brief staring spells lasting less than $10\text{--}20\text{ sec}$.

Ischemic Stroke

Stroke caused by a thrombus or plaque blocking blood flow in an artery, causing decreased oxygen/nutrient delivery and tissue infarction; treated with clot buster.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Stroke caused by bleeding into brain tissue from trauma or aneurysm; treated with blood pressure control.

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacteria enters CSF from bloodstream or respiratory tract, causing purulent secretions, cerebral edema, increased ICP, and purulent/turbid CSF on lumbar puncture; requires rapid IV antibiotics and steroids.

Viral Meningitis

Meningitis caused by enteroviruses, arbovirus, HIV, or HSV from direct contact with respiratory secretions; diagnosed by CSF testing for enterovirus and managed supportively for a full recovery.

Encephalitis

Acute inflammation of the brain caused by viruses (e.g., West Nile Virus transmitted by ticks/mosquitoes or CMV) passing the blood-brain barrier; manifests in $2\text{--}3\text{ days}$ and treated with Acyclovir, symptom management, and prophylactic seizure meds.