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Wealth of Nations, The
The 1776 work by economist Adam Smith that argued that the “invisible hand” of the free market directed economic life more effectively and fairly than governmental intervention.
Haynes, Lemuel
A Black member of the Massachusetts militia and celebrated minister who urged that Americans extend their conception of freedom to enslaved Africans during the Revolutionary era.
Dominion of New England
Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies-and later New York and New Jersey-by royal governed Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later
republican motherhood
The ideology that emerged as a result of American independence where women’s political role was to train their sons to be future citizens.
Sovereignty
the power of a government to rule over people and land, The power to make laws, change laws, and exercise authority over people
Puritans
English religious group that sought to purify the Church of England; founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop in 1630.
William Pitt
British statesman who played a key role in the French and Indian War, expanding British territorial claims in North America.
Battle of Yorktown
The last major battle of the American Revolutionary War, where British General Cornwallis surrendered to American and French forces in 1781.
Battle of Saratoga
A turning point in the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Saratoga in 1777 convinced France to ally with the American colonies against Britain.
Siege of Boston
l 1775 to 17 March 1776 when American militiamen effectively contained British troops within Boston, and after the Battle of Bunker Hill, to the peninsula of Charlestown.
Glorious Revolution
A coup in 1688 engineered by a small group of aristocrats that led to William of Orange taking the British throne in place of James II.
Proclamation of 1763
Royal directive issued after the Seven Years’ War and Pontiac’s War prohibiting settlement, surveys, and land grants west of the Appalachian Mountains; caused considerable resentment among colonists hoping to move west.
Covenant Chain
Alliance formed in the 1670s between the English colony of New York and the Haudenosaunee League and eventually other colonies and Native nations.
Mayflower Compact
Document signed in 1620 aboard the Mayflower before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth; the document committed the group to majority-rule government by its male colonists.
Virtual/Direct Representation
The idea that the American colonies, although they had no actual representative in Parliament, were “virtually” represented by all members of Parliament.
Stamp Act
Parliament’s 1765 requirement that revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter, documents, and playing cards; the Stamp Act Congress met to formulate a response, and the act was repealed the following year.
Society of Friends
(Quakers) Religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the “inner light” or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women.
Salutary Neglect
Informal British policy during the first half of the eighteenth century that allowed the American colonies considerable freedom to pursue their economic and political interests in exchange for colonial obedience.
Virginia Plan
Virginia’s delegation to the Constitutional Convention’s plan for a strong central government and a two-house legislature apportioned by population.
The Empire of Liberty
The idea, expressed by Jefferson, that the United States would expand liberty as it spread west across the continent. White Americans who moved west would eventually be able to apply for admission into the United States as full member states.
John Smith
An English soldier and explorer who became one of the leaders of the Jamestown colony and helped to establish relations with the Powhatans. His narratives describe the early history of Jamestown as well as his explorations of what became New England.
Lemuel Hayes
A Black member of the Massachusetts militia and celebrated minister who urged that Americans extend their conception of freedom to enslaved Africans during the Revolutionary era.
Connecticut Compromise
The Connecticut Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise, was an agreement made in 1787 to establish how states would be represented in Congress. The compromise resolved a dispute between large and small states over representation in Congress.
Sublimus Deus
issued in 1537 by Pope Paul III that prohibited the enslavement of indigenous peoples. The bull stated that indigenous people should be treated as human and that they should not be deprived of their property or liberty.
Republicanism
Political theory in eighteenth-century England and America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom.
Three-Fifths Compromise
three out of every five slaves were counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxation.
Jamestown
the first permanent English settlement in North America. It was established in 1607 in Virginia and named after King James I.
