Intro to rad tech chapters 1,4,5 (exam 1)

Radiation is energy that is transmitted by ____ through space or matter

Waves

The capacity to operate or work

Energy

What are three different forms of energy

1. Mechanical

2. Electrical

3. Heat

4. Nuclear

5. Electromagnetic

What x-rays are apart of

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The process of a neutral atom gaining or losing an electron

Ionization

X-ray is _____ radiation

Harmful

is a record of internal structures of the body by passage of x-rays

Radiographs

X-rays were discovered on what date?

Novemeber 8th, 1895

X-rays were discovered by who?

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Who was the first X-ray performed on/and of what?

It was performed on Roentgen's wife and was an x-ray of her hand

List the 12 characteristics of x-ray

1. highly penetrating invisible electromagnetic wave

2. electrically neutral with no mass

3. heterogeneous and polyenergetic

4. Travel at the speed of light

5. travel is straight divergent waves

6. cannot be focused by a lens

7. produce secondary and scatter radiation

8. produce chemical and biological changes by excitation and ionization

9. liberate heat as they pass through matter

10. cause flourescence

11. affect radiographic film

12. ionize matter/gas

Who were the pioneers of radioactivity?

Pierre, Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel

Who is responsible for administering ionizing radiation to humans for diagnostic purposes?

Radiographer

What is the organization responsible for a radiographer's certification and credentials

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)

You must receive a ________% on the registry exam to pass and receive your R.T. (R)credentials.

75%

3 multiple choice options

What is the modality that specializes in procedures involving the heart, including catheterizations, coronary angiography and angioplasty?

Cardiovascular Interventional Technician

Mammography is the diagnostic imaging of...

Breasts

an advanced-level radiographer who extends the capacity of the radiologist in the diagnostic imaging environment, thereby enhancing patient care

Radiologic Assistant

is a field of radiology where there is administration of a radioactive material into the patient for the purpose of viewing the internal anatomy (heart, liver, thyroid gland, lungs, brain, and bones)

Nuclear Medicine

What discipline uses high-energy ionizing radiation or gamma rays to treat malignanttumors?

Radiation Therapy

What x-ray modality is commonly known as DEXA?

Bone Densitometry

uses high-frequency sound waves to image the internal anatomy

Diagnostic Medical Sonography or Ultrasound

MRI uses ______________________ and ________________________ to produce images of the body

Radio waves and a strong magnetic field

What is the difference between a technologist and a technician?

technician: pays attention to technical details

Technologist: Applies knowledge to problem solve

As a radiographer, will you be interpreting a radiograph for patient diagnosis?

No

3 multiple choice options

What anatomy does an Esophagogram demonstrate?

uses barium sulfate that is swallowed to demonstrate the esophogeal function

What anatomy does a UGI (Upper Gastrointestinal Series) demonstrate?

functionality of the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum while pt drinks positive contrast media or air

What anatomy does the Small Bowel Series demonstrate?

functionality of the small intestine after swallowing a positive contrast media (time- 15, 30,60,90)

What anatomy does BE (Barium Enema) demonstrate?

(Lower GI)

pt drinks solution to cleanse the colon of fecal matter. Pt will receive an enema with a positive contrast media to access the mechanical filling of the ileocecal valve from the rectum to the small intestine

What anatomy does a Mammogram demonstrate?

Radiographic procedure of the breasts

What anatomy does the Hysterosalpingogram demonstrate?

fluoroscopic study using iodinated contrast media injected into the vagina to demonstrate the fallopian tubes

What anatomy does the Arthrogram demonstrate?

fluoroscopic study of the joints using iodinated contrast media and or air injected into a joint space

What professional agency publishes documents such as the Code of Ethics and PracticeStandards which have elements of problem-solving and critical thinking?

ARRT established the Code of Ethics

ASRT publishes Practice Standards

What is the key to mastering critical thinking?

extend learning beyond memorization

List the steps of problem-solving in order...

1. Identify the problem

2. Examine the problem

3. Develop solutions

4. Select the best solution

Where is the best place to develop and apply previous knowledge to a new situation todevelop critical thinking skills?

Classroom and the Labratory

The clinical setting is a place for students to _____________________________ to be put into action.

transfer of knowledge

is the branch of science that applies the laws of physics to living bodies at rest and in motion

Biomechanics

The base of support is defined as:

Wide base/stance

How to improve stability?

Stand with feet apart to increase the base of support

Define center of gravity

The point at which all weight is considered to be concentrated and about which all forces and moments are measured.

Where is the center of gravity located

2nd Sacrum

Where are the mobility muscles found?

limbs (hamstring & biceps)

Where are the stability muscles found?

torso (rectum abdominus & latissimus dorsi)

Principle of lifting who should do more?

Patient

2 multiple choice options

is known as a drop in blood pressure that occurs when a person stands up

Orthostatic Hypotension

1 multiple choice option

List the four types of wheelchair transfers...

1. Standby Assist

2. Assisted standing pivot

3. Two-Person lift

4. Hydraulic lift

Always position the patient so that he or she transfers toward the patient's__________________ side

strong

2 multiple choice options

What could happen if you forget to lock a wheelchairs wheel locks?

The pt could risk falling

At what angle should you position a wheelchair in relation to a table for a transfer?

45 degree

3 multiple choice options

During a two-person lift, the stronger person should lift the _____________, while the other person lifts the patient's ______________

Torso; Legs and feet

A hydraulic lift is for patients that can't be...

lifted easily or bear any weight

if a transfer board is not available for a cart transfer what can be used instead?

Draw Sheet

Define Anatomy

study of the structure and organs of the human body

Define Physiology?

the process and functions of the body or how the body works

Atoms make up _____________ which make up cells, which are the basic structural and functional unit of the entire human being. Cells then make up ______________ that have a specific function and when those tissues work together they form an_________________

molecules; tissues; organs

There are _______ different body systems, which are groups of organs that have a similar or common function. These body systems function together to make a human being or ____________________

10; organism

There are __________ bones in the adult skeletal system.

206

___________________ is the study of bones, while _______________________ is the study of joints

Osteology; Arthrology

The alimentary canal is part of the ____________________ system, which is responsible for the absorption and elimination of solid waste.

Digestive System

The urinary system consists of __________________, ________________ and__________________

kidneys; ureters; bladder; and urethra

The respiratory system supplies oxygen and eliminates _________

CO2

The male reproductive germ cells are called ________________________ and are produced in the _____________________

Sperm; Testes

The female reproductive cells are called_________________ and are produced in the ________________________

Eggs; Ovaries

The ___________________ system is responsible for distributing oxygen and regulating body temperature

Integumentary System

The _________________ system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Nervous System

The ____________________ system consists of all ductless glands and regulates body activities by releasing ___________________________

Endocrine System; hormones

Types of muscle tissues and list the functions: Skeletal Muscle

(striated): voluntary control; most muscle mass of the body, allows the body to move, 43% of the weight of the human body

Types of muscle tissues and list the functions: Smooth Muscle

Involuntary control; in the walls of hollow internal organs (blood vessels, stomach, intestines)

Types of muscle tissues and list the functions: Cardiac Muscle

(striated): involuntary control; found in the wall of the heart

The _______________ is the largest organ in the body and it is part of the___________________ system

Skin; Integumentary

The axial skeleton consists of ___________ bones. List the bones that are part of the axial skeleton:

80 bones; skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

The appendicular skeleton consists of ____________ bones. List the bones that are part of the appendicular skeleton:

126 separate bones; all bones of the upper and lower extremities and the shoulder and pelvic girdles. Includes the Patellas

List the fours classifications of bones:

1. Long bones

2. Short bones

3. Flat bones

4. Irregular bones

State the shape and give an example of a short bone:

cuboidal shape; carpals or tarsals

State the shape and give an example of a flat bone:

Two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and bone marrow in between them (flat); scapula

Where are long bones found?

Only in the appendicular skeleton (upper and lower extremities; excluding wrist and ankle)

List two examples of irregular bones:

1. Vertebrae

2. Facial bones

Define ossification:

the process by which bones form in the body

Bone development begins in the which embryonic week?

6th embryonic week

What is the primary growth center of bone? ______________ Secondary?

Primary: Diaphysis

Secondary: Epiphysis

The outer layer covering the bone is called the: _____________ and the _____________ is located in the inside and ends of long bones that contain the red bone marrow

Periosteum; Cancellous (Spongy) bone

List the functional joints and their types of movements:

1. Synarthrosis (immovable)

2. Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

3. Diarthrosis (freely moveable)

List the structural joints:

1. Fibrous Joints (syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis)

2. Cartilaginous Joints (symphyses and synchondroses)

3. Synovial Joint

State the subclasses of synovial joints and the secondary name (if applicable):

1. Plane (gliding) joint

2. Ginglymus (hinge) joint

3. Pivot (Trochoid) joint

4. Ellipsoid (condylar) joint

5. Saddle (sellar) joint

6. Ball and Socket (Spheroidal) joint

7. Bicondylar joint

Plane (gliding) joint

permits the least movement (nonaxial)

ex. intermetacarpals, carpometacarpal, and intercarpal

Ginglymus (hinge) joint

permits flexion and extension only ex. interphalangeal joints, elbow

Pivot (trochoid) joint

allows rotational movement around single axis

ex. proximal and distal radioulnar joint and between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae

Ellipsoid (condylar) joint

movement in one plane and is combined with a slight degree of rotation at an axis at right angles to the primary plane of movement. Movement is limited by ligaments and tendons.

4 directional movements: flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction (circumduction)

ex. wrist joing and joints of toe

Saddle (sellar) joint

the ends of the bones are shaped concave-convex and are positioned opposite each other.

Directions: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

ex. first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Ball and socket (spheroidal) joint

allow for the greatest freedom of motion

direction: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction

ex. hip and shoulder joint

Bicondylar joints

provide movement in a single axis, such as flexion and extension. Limited rotation (knee joint is what google says)

A competency-based education is based on...

professional practice standards defined by professional associations and competancy requirements are defined by accrediting certifying agencies to support the development

The ________________________________________________ provides a curriculum articulating education guidelines to ensure necessary skills and knowledge for practice are acquired

ASRT- American Society of radiologic Technologists

List the three major categories or domains of learning:

Cognitive, Psychomotor, Affective

Cognitive behaviors require various levels of thought such as:

knowledge, understanding, reason, and judgement

Psychomotor behaviors include behaviors involving:

actions, neuromuscular manipulations, and coordination

Affective behaviors include behavior guided by:

influenced by an individuals interests, attitudes, values, and beliefs

A _____________________ is an observable, successful achievement of the performance objectives

Compentency

The didactic portion of the radiography curriculum includes:

informational and instructional activities related to radiography occurring in the classroom