Intrinsic Back Muscles and Cervical Musculature

serratus posterior superior

Superior: nuchal ligament, C3-T7 spinous processes
Inferior: ribs 2-5 superior aspect
Action: elevates ribs
Innervation: T2-T5 anterior rami

serratus posterior inferior

Superior: ribs 8-12
Inferior: T11-L11 spinous processes
Action: depresses ribs
Innervation: T9-T12 anterior rami

splenius capitis

Superior: mastoid process, nuchal line
Inferior: nuchal ligament, C7-T3 spinous processes
Bilaterally: extend head and cervical spine
Unilaterally: laterally flex and rotate head same side
Innervation: C1-C6 posterior rami

splenius cervicis

Superior: C1-C4 transverse processes
Inferior: T3-T7 spinous processes
Bilaterally: extends head and cervical spine
Unilaterally: laterally flex and rotate head same side
Innervation: C1-C6 posterior rami

spinalis cervicis

Superior: C2-C5 spinous processes
Inferior: C5-T2 spinous processes
Bilaterally: extend cervical spine
Unilaterally: flex cervical spine same side
Innervation: posterior rami

spinalis thoracis

Superior: T2-T3 spinous processes
Inferior: T10-L3 spinous processes
Bilaterally: extend thoracic spine
Unilaterally: flex thoracic spine same side
Innervation: posterior rami

longissimus capitis

Superior: mastoid process
Inferior: thoracic transverse processes, and cervical transverse processes
Bilaterally: extend spine
Unilaterally: flex and rotate to same side
Innervation: C1-L5 posterior rami

longissimus cervicis

Superior: C2-C5 transverse processes
Inferior: T1-T6 transverse processes
Bilaterally: extend spine
Unilaterally: laterally flex same side
Innervation: C1-L5 posterior rami

longissimus thoracis

Superior: ribs 2-12, thoracic and lumbar transverse processes
Inferior: sacrum, iliac crest, lumbar spinous processes, thoracic transverse processes
Bilaterally: extend spine
Unilaterally: laterally flex same side
Innervation: C1-L5 posterior rami

iliocostalis cervicis

Superior: C4-C7 transverse processes
Inferior: ribs 3-7
Bilaterally: extend spine
Unilaterally: laterally flex same side
Innervation: C3-L1 posterior rami

iliocostalis thoracis

Superior: ribs 1-6
Inferior: ribs 7-12
Bilaterally: extend spine
Unilaterally: laterally flex same side
Innervation: C8-L1 posterior rami

iliocostalis lumborum

Superior: ribs 6-12. thoracolumbar fascia, upper lumbar transverse processes
Inferior: sacrum, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
Bilaterally: extend spine
Unilaterally: laterally flex same side
Innervation: C8-L1 posterior rami

rotatores breves

Superior: T1-T11 between spinous and transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
Inferior: T2-T12 transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
Bilaterally: extend thoracic spine
Unilaterally: rotates thoracic spine opposite side
Innervation: posterior rami

rotatores longi

Superior: T1-T11 between transverse and spinous processes, skipping 1 vertebrae
Inferior: T2-T12 transverse processes of 2 vertebrae below
Bilaterally: extend thoracic spine
Unilaterally: rotate thoracic spine opposite sidee
Innervation: posterior rami

multifidus

Superior: C2-L5 spinous processes skipping 2-4 vertebrae
Inferior: sacrum, iliac crest, maxillary processes L1-L5, transverse/articular processes C4-C7
Bilaterally: extend spine
Unilaterally: flex spine same side, rotate opposite side
Innervation: posterior rami

semispinalis capitis

Superior: occiput
Inferior: C4-C7 transverse and articular processes
Bilaterally: extend head and cervical spine
Unilaterally: flex head and spine to same side, rotate opposite
Innervation: posterior rami

semispinalis cervicis

Superior: C2-C5 spinous processes
Inferior: T1-T6 transverse processes
Bilaterally: extend head and spine
Unilaterally: flex same side, rotate opposite
Innervation: posterior rami

semispinalis thoracis

Superior: T2-T8 spinous processes
Inferior: T10-L3 spinous processes
Bilaterally: extend spine
Unilaterally: flex same side
Innervation: posterior rami

interspinales cervicis

Superior: C1-C7 spinous processes
Inferior: spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
Action: extend cervical spine
Innervation: posterior rami

interspinales lumborum

Superior: L1-L5 spinous processes
Inferior: spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
Bilaterally: stabilize/extend spine
Unilaterally: laterally flex to same side
Innervation: posterior rami

posterior intertransversarii cervices

Superior: C2-C7 posterior tubercles
Inferior: posterior tubercles of subjacent vertebrae
Bilaterally: stabilize and extend spine
Unilaterally: flex spine to same side
Innervation: posterior rami

medial intertransversarii lumbora

Superior: L1-L5 mamillary processes
Inferior: mamillary processes of subjacent vertebrae
Bilaterally: stabilize and extend spine
Unilaterally: laterally flex to same side
Innervation: posterior rami

lateral intertransversarii lumbora

Superior: L1-L5 transverse processes
Inferior: transverse processes of subjacent vertebrae
Bilaterally: stabilize and extend spine
Unilaterally: laterally flex to same side
Innervation: ANTERIOR rami

levatores costarum breves

Superior: C7-T11 transverse processes
Inferior: costal angle of next lower rib
Bilaterally: extend spine
Unilaterally: flex to same side, rotate opposite
Innervation: posterior rami

levatores costarum longi

Superior: C7-T11 transverse processes
Inferior: costal angle of ribs 2 vertebrae below
Bilaterally: extend spine
Unilaterally: flex to same side, rotate opposite
Innervation: posterior rami

rectus capitis posterior minor

Superior: occiput
Inferior: C1 posterior tubercle
Bilaterally: extend head
Unilaterally: rotate to same side
Innervation: suboccipital nerve

rectus capitis posterior major

Superior: occiput
Inferior: C2 spinous process
Bilaterally: extend head
Unilaterally: rotate to same side
Innervation: suboccipital nerve

obliquus capitis superior

Superior: occiput
Inferior: C1 transverse process
Bilaterally: extend head
Unilaterally: flex to same side, rotate to opposite
Innervation: suboccipital nerve

obliques capitis inferior

Superior: C1 transverse process
Inferior: C2 spinous process
Bilaterally: extend head
Unilaterally: rotate to same side
Innervation: suboccipital nerve