Grammatik für Test 1 (Kapitel 5)

Präteritum Tense (Simple Past)

Verb conjugated in simple past tense form --> -te, -test, -tet, or -ten (depending on whether first-person and so on).

Ex. Ich ging in das Kino OR Ich machte einen Kuchen.

Present Perfekt Tense

Auxiliary verb (haben OR sein; sein for movement verbs) + past participle at the end of the sentence (ge_____t w/ verb stem in between ge___t; DIFFERENT for strong verbs... often have an -en suffix and/or changed stem).

Ex. Ich habe gern Tennis gespielt.

Passiv Voice

Present tense conjugation of werden (werde, wirst, wird, werden, werdet) + past participle of action verb at the end of the sentence. If past tense... make werden past tense (wurde, wurdest, wurdet, wurden).

Ex. Der Weihnachtsbaum wird geschmückt!

Future I Tense

Present tense conjugation of werden + INFINITIVE of action verb at the end of the sentence.

Ex. Ich werde das Abendessen kochen.

Akkusativ Prepositions

Bis, durch, gegen, ohne, um, für

Akkusativ Preposition Translations

bis = by, to, until, up to

durch = through, across

ohne = without

gegen = against, for

um = around, at

für = for

Dativ Prepositions

Aus, außer, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu

Dativ Preposition Translations

aus = from, out of

außer = except for

bei = at, near, among

mit = with

nach = after, to

seit = since, for

von = from, of

zu = to

Two-Way Prepositions

Take the akk case when the noun is considered a DESTINATION (movement involved)!!!!

Take the dat case when the noun is considered a PLACE/LOCATION (movement NOT involved)!!!

An, auf, zwischen, neben, hinter, unter, über, vor, in

Two-Way Preposition Translations

an = to, on

auf = on, upon

zwischen = between

neben = next to, alongside

hinter = behind

unter = under, beneath

über = over, above

vor = before, in front of

in = in, into

da- and wo- compounds

If a prepositional phrase contains a dativ/akkusativ pronoun that refers to a thing or idea, it combines with "da-" or "wo-" (an r- is inserted if the prep. begins with a vowel). Exceptions - außer, seit, and ohne!

da- is used for normal sentences. wo- is used in question!

Examples:

- Sie will nach der Arbeit schwimmen gehen. Sie will danach schwimmen gehen (She wants to go swimming after that).

- Sie interessiert sich für Politik. Wofür interessiert sie sich? (What is she interested in?)

Definite Articles (In order: masculine --> feminine --> neuter ---> plural)

Nominative: der, die, das, die

Akkusative: den, die, das, die

Dativ: dem, der, dem, den (+ ____n onto noun)

Genitive: des (+____es), der, des (+ ____es), der

Indefinite Articles (in order: masculine --> feminine --> neuter --> plural)

Nominative: ein, eine, ein, keine

Akkusative: einen, eine, ein, keine

Dative: einem, einer, einem, keinen (+ _____n onto noun)

Genitive: eines (+ ___es), einer, eines (+____es), keiner

Some other words also adopt the same endings as these: kein_ (negation; "no" of a noun) and possessives (mein_, dein_, sein_, ihr_, sein_, unser_, euer_, Ihr_, and Ihr_).

NOTE --> can't have "ein_" for plural (because it can't be 1 / "a")

Relative Clauses

Provide additional information about a noun. ALWAYS introduced by relative pronouns. These clauses are set off by commas, and they can be in the nominative, accusative, dative, or genitive --> is it answering wer (nom), wen (akk), wem (dat), or wessen (gen).

These are dependent clauses --> i.e., the verb goes to the END of the clause. Relative pronoun = 1st place... followed by subject (if there is one) and then object.

Pronoun = its gender and number (singular vs. plural) are determined by the noun it refers to (called the antecedent; ex. _____Hund, der/den/dem). Its CASE depends on the pronoun's function in the relative clause (does it answer wer, wen, wem, or wessen).

Ex. Ist das der Mann, DEN du zu deinem Geburtstag eingeladen hast? (Is that the man WHO you invited to your birthday... aka You invited THE MAN to your birthday party... thus, accusative & masculine = den).

Relative Pronouns (in order: masculine --> feminine --> neuter --> plural)

Nominative (who/that did): der, die, das, die

Accusative (verbed who/that): den, die, das, die

Dative (to whom): dem, der, dem, denen

Genitive (whose): dessen, deren, dessen, deren

Note --> Genitive is not on exam!! ALSO... with this in mind, the only pronoun to change (from standard definite articles) is the dativ plural (den --> DENEN).

Relative Clause Word Order

1) Relative Pronoun

2) Subject (if there is one)

3) Middle Field (other components like time and space... usually prepositional phrases are here)

4) Last - Verb 2 (past participle, infinitive) + Verb 1 (conjugated)

NOTE --> relative clauses are separated by commas, and they are located as close as possible to the verb they refer to (i.e., is the end of the sentence closer or is within the overall sentence closer).

NOTE --> a relative pronoun CANNOT be separated with the preposition that applies to it (ex. ..., MIT DEM...).

Relative Clause Steps

1) Find the antecedent

2) Determine gender/number based on the antecedent

3) How is the relative pronoun used in the relative clause (OR does a preposition determine its case) --> tells you the case to use

4) Determine the correct relative pronoun with this information in mind

Main Clause Word Order

1) Subject

2) Conjugated Verb

3) Middle Field (Subject if not in first (ex. a prep phrase is there), time and space components)

4) Last - Verb 2 (past participle, infinitive)

Genitive Prepositions

statt, trotz, während, wegen, mithilfe

Verbs that Require a Direct & Indirect Object (Akk + Dat)

geben (to give (to)), schenken (to give/gift (to)), zeigen (to show (to)), erklären (to explain (to)), leihen (to borrow (from)), empfehlen (to recommend (to)), anbieten (to offer (to)), etc.

Personal Pronouns (order: I, you, he, she, it, we, y'all, they, you (formal; plural and singular))

Nom: ich, du, er, sie, es, wir, ihr, sie, Sie

Akk: mich, dich, ihn, sie, es, uns, euch, sie, Sie

Dat: mir, dir, ihm, ihr, ihm, uns, euch, ihnen, Ihnen

Pronouns Replacing Nouns

German pronouns can refer to people or to a previously mentioned noun. They correspond to the GRAMMATICAL GENDER OF THE WORD --> der becomes er, die becomes sie, and das becomes es. Must match the case too!!

With Dative and Accusative in Middle Field:

2 Nomen (Nouns)

DATIV BEFORE AKKUSATIV

Ex. Ich gebe dem Hund den Knochen.

With Dative and Accusative in Middle Field: 1 Nomen + 1 Pronomen

PRONOMEN BEFORE NOMEN

Ex. Ich gebe ihm den Knochen OR Ich gebe ihn dem Hund.

With Dative and Accusative in Middle Field: 2 Pronomen (Pronouns)

AKKUSATIV BEFORE DATIV

Ex. Ich gebe ihn ihm.

Nominativ Case (Usage)

1) Subject of a sentence

2) Predicate Nouns (when main verb is sein/werden/bleiben)

Akkusativ Case (Usage)

1) Direct object

2) After akk. prepositions

3) Many time expressions (ex. jeden Tag, jeden Morgen, diesen Abend)

Dativ Case (Usage)

1) Indirect object

2) After dativ prepositions

3) After dativ verbs

4) Some adjectives that describe a condition (ex. Mir ist warm, Wie geht es dir, Es tut mir Leid)

Dativ Verbs (require dative case for noun receiving the action)

helfen, danken, gefallen, gehören, schmecken, passen

Dies_ Endings (order: masculine --> feminine --> neuter --> plural)

Nominative: dieser, diese, dieses, diese

Accusative: diesen, diese, dieses, diese

Dative: diesem, dieser, diesem, diesen (+ ____n onto noun)

Wer vs. Wen vs. Wem

"Who" is the subject, direct object, or indirect object (subject = wer, direct object = wen, indirect object = wem).