Grade 9 Science exam review (Ontario, Canada)

Decomposer

An organismes such as bacteria and fungi that decomposes matter into nutrients

trophic level

each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.

Photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2+6H2O->C6H12O6+6O2

asteroid belt

the region of the solar system between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where many asteroids are found

nuclear fusion

a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy.

charge capacity

the total population before it starts to die of due to lack of ressources

nitrogen fixation

process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use

abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

biotic factors

living things

durable ecosystem

An ecosystem that can withhold pressure.

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

invasive species

species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats

native species

species that live in their historical range, typically where they have lived for thousands or millions of years

pesticide

a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.

organisms not targeted (non-cible)

organismes that was killed by a pesticides as an after the matter type death. (not targeted but still suffered)

Carbone Cycle

The 4 most important parts of the ________________ are...

1. Photosynthesis

2. cellular respiration

3. decomposition

4. formation of fosill fuels

nitrogen cycle

The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

nitrogen cycle steps

1. nitrogen fixation

2. nitrification

3. assimilation

4. ammonification

5. denitrification

Nitrification

ammonia (NH3) is converted to nitrate ions (NO3)-

Assimilation

Plants absorb the nitrates into their roots.

Ammonification

The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium

Denitrification

process by which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas

atmosphere

A thin layer of gases surrounding Earth

Omnivore

A consumer that eats both plants and animals

Carnivore

A consumer that eats only animals.

Herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

aurora borealis

a natural electrical phenomenon characterized by the appearance of streamers of reddish or greenish light in the sky, usually near the northern or southern magnetic pole.

celestial object

natural objects outside of Earth's atmosphere including stars, planets, moons, asteroids and meteors

solar wind

A stream of electrically charged particles produced by the sun's corona

universe

Space and all the matter and energy in it

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Producer

An organism that makes its own food

food chain

series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

food web

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

energy pyramid

A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

habitat

where an organism lives

ecological niche

A specific role of a species within an ecosystem, including its use of resources, and relationships with other species.

Biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Community

A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

limiting factor

An environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing

pests

And organism that is interfering with human goal

Bioaccumulation

the build up of a substance (usually a toxin) as it passes through a food chain

Bioamplification/Biomagnification

The increase in concentration of a substance such as a pesticide as it moves up the food web

Hydrosphere

All the water on earth

Lithosphere

the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O

carrying capacity

The largest population that an area can support

astronomical unit

The average distance between Earth and the sun, about 150 million kilometers. A unit of length used for distances within the solar system

astronomy

study of the universe

Big Bang Theory

(cosmology) the theory that the universe originated 20 billion years ago from the cataclysmic explosion of a small mass of matter at extremely high density and temperature

black hole

An object in space whose gravity is so strong not even light can escape.

Comets

balls of ice, rock, and dust in space with a tail

constellation

A group of stars that form a pattern in the sky

galaxy

A huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity

light year

the distance light travels in a year

meteor

A streak of light in the sky produced by the burning of a meteoroid in Earth's atmosphere.

Meteoroid

a small body moving in the solar system that would become a meteor if it entered the earth's atmosphere.

Nebulas

a large cloud of gas and dust in interstellar space; a region in space where stars are born or where stars explode at the end of their lives

orbital radius

the average distance between the sun and an object that is orbiting the sun

retrograde motion

The apparent motion of the planets when they appear to move backwards (westward) with respect to the stars from the direction that they move ordinarily.

solar system

sun, planets, and all the other objects that revolve around the sun

alkali metal

an element in Group 1 of the periodic table

ammeter

a device used to measure electric current

atom

the smallest unit of an element

atomic mass

the mass of an atom in atomic mass units

atomic number

the number of protons in an atom's structure

biomass

the mass of living organisms in a given area; any biological material

Bohr-Rutherford diagram

a simple drawing that shows the numbers and locations of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom

charging by conduction

charging an object by contact with a charged object

charging by friction

the transfer of electrons between two neutral objects that occur when they are rubbed together or come in contact

charging by induction

charging a neutral object by bringing another charged object close to, but not touching, the neutral object

chemical change

a change in the starting substance or substances and the production of one or more new substances

chemical family

a column of elements with similar properties on the periodic table

chemical property

a characteristic of a substance that is determined when the composition of the substance is changed and one or more new substances are produced

circuit diagram

a way of drawing an electric circuit using standard symbols

compound

a pure substance of two or more different elements that are chemically joined

conductor

a material that lets electrons move easily through it

current electricity

the controlled flow of electrons through a conductor

density

a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume od a substance; calculated by dividing the mass of a sample by its volume

dependant variable

a variable that changes in response to the change in the independent variable

direct current

a flow of electrons in one direction through an electric current

electric circuit

a continuous path in which electrons can flow

electric force

the force exerted by an object with an electric charge; can be a force of attraction or a force of repulsion

electrical resistance

the ability of a material to oppose the flow of electric current; measured in ohms

electron

a negatively charged particle in an atom that orbits the nucleus

electrostatic series

a list of materials arranged in order of their tendency to gain electrons

element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substance by any physical or chemical means

grounding

connecting an object to a large body, like Earth, that is capable of effectively removing an electric charge that the object might have

halogen

an element in Group 17 of the periodic table

insulator

a material that does not easily allow the movement of electrons though it

ion

a particle that has either a positive or negative charge

isotope

an atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

load

the part of an electric circuit that converts electrical energy into other forms of energy

mass number

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus

mechanical (heterogeneous) mixture

a mixture in which you can distinguish between different types of matter

metal

an element that is lustrous, malleable, and ductile, and conducts heat and electricity