PSYB20H3 - Chapter 13 & 15 Studies

Egocentric Perspective

Belief that everyone shares their view.

Social-Informational Perspective

Realizes perspectives differ due to unique information but doesn't integrate them.

Self-Reflective Perspective

Understands others' perspectives and considers their thoughts but struggles to balance multiple viewpoints.

Mutual Perspective

Considers multiple perspectives simultaneously, incorporating a neutral third-party view.

Societal Perspective

Uses societal norms and principles to guide perspective-taking.

Behavioral Comparisons

Based on observable traits/actions (e.g., 'He runs fast').

Psychological Constructs

Focus shifts to internal traits (e.g., 'She's kind and thoughtful').

Psychological Comparisons

Abstract comparisons and relationships (e.g., 'He's more reliable than others').

Goal-Directed Behavior

Infants inferred that the hand was goal-oriented, choosing objects purposefully.

Learned Helplessness

Helpless children attributed failure to lack of ability (entity view), avoided challenges.

Mastery-Oriented Children

Attributed failure to lack of effort (incremental view), persisted in challenges.

Joy in Mastery

Children enjoy mastering tasks for internal satisfaction, not external approval.

Approval Seeking

Motivated by others' praise; they want to 'look good' to caregivers.

Use of Standards

Begin to evaluate performance based on personal or external standards.

Love Withdrawal

Withholding affection to correct behavior.

Power Assertion

Use of authority, physical punishment, or demands.

Induction

Explaining consequences of actions and encouraging empathy.

Updates to Piaget's Theory

Greater emphasis on social and cultural contexts influencing development.

Preconventional Morality

Focus on rewards and punishments.

Conventional Morality

Upholding laws and social rules.

Postconventional Morality

Based on abstract ethical principles.

Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development

Focused on care-based morality, contrasting with Kohlberg's justice-based model.

Turiel's Social Domain Theory

Children categorize rules and behaviors into distinct domains.

Moral Rules

Universal principles like fairness and harm prevention.

Social-Conventional Rules

Context-specific norms (e.g., table manners).

Personal Preferences

Individual choices that don't affect others (e.g., hairstyle).