bones of the axial skeleton in dogs

Skull

• Articualtes ventrally with the mandible through the temporo-mandibularis

• Principal bone fot he head

3 regions fo the Ksull

1. Plural / Braincase

2. Facial Egion

3. Palatine region

Plural or Braincase

• Includes the bones that enclose and encases the brain

Facial Region

• Bony framework of the back

Palatine Region

• Bony framework of the palate

• Mandible forms the bony framework of the jaw

• Can be classified into three types and if unpaired or pair3d

Vertebral Column

• Refers to the backbone / spine

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20-24

Vertebral Formula

Cervical Vertebra

• Neck

• Well developed transverse process

Thoracic

• Back

• Tall spinoud process

Lumbar

• Loin

• Elongated transverse process

Sacral

• Croup

• Atypical because it is made up of three infused vertebra

Caudal

• Tall

• Marled by presence of neural and hemal arches

Lamina

• Rooft of the vertebral arch

Pedicle

• Wall of the vertebral arch

Nucleus pulposus

• Embryonic remnant of the notichord

Spinoud process

• Present on all vertebrae except atlas and the caudal end behind it

Transverse process

• Present sa lahat ng vertebraes

• From its cervical and 20th caudal

Mamillary Process

• Extension of the cranial and articular process feomvthe 11th thoracic to the 7th lumbar

• A dent of transverse process from 2nd to 10th Thoracic vertebra

Accessory zorocess

• Present from middle thoracic (7th) and up to 6th kumbar vertebra

Ribs

• Big animals have a more prominent groove

• Forms the lateral wall of the thorax (thoracic cavity)

• Thoracic caivty bounded by the thoracic vertebra dorsally laterally by the ribs and ventrally by the sternum

Sternanl

• The distant articualtes with the sternum ventrally

Stenrum

• Forms the ventral wall of thr floor of the thoracic cavity