anatomy chapter 12

the brain and spinal cord begin as embryonic called

neural tubes

what the 3 distinct divisons (called vesicles)

prosencphain (forebrain)

mesencephalon (Midbrain)

Rhombencephalan (hindbrain)

what are the major structures from secondary brain vesicles

cerebrum, diencephalon,cerebellum, and brain stem

white matter

mostly myelinated axon

gray matter

short nonmyelinated azons and cell bodies

what are ventricles filled with

filled with CSF ( celared liqiud filitered blood plasma, cushion buayancy, nutrients and waste)

what sides are the cerebral hemispheres

right and left halves

gyri

elevated ridges of tissue

sulci

shallow grooves

fissures

deeper grooves that seperate regions of the brain

longitudinal fissures

right and left halves

transverse cerebral fissure

hemispheres from cerebellum

what is the central sucus

sperates frontal and pariteal lobe

what is parieto-occipital sulcus

seperates occipital lobe and parietal lobe

what is the lateral sulcus

seperates temporal lobe from pariteal and frontal lobes

what are the 3 basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres

cerebral cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei

what is cerebral cortex

superficial layer of gray matter

"consicous mind'' is found

3 kinds of functional areas; motor, sensory, and associations areas

what is white matter

internal

waht is basal nuclei

islands of gray matter deep within white matter

what are the functional motor areas

primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, brocas area, and frontal eye field

what does the primary motor cortex do

execution of voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

what does the premotor cortex do

helps plan movements, coordianted movement of serveral muscle groups

what does the brocas area do

directs muscles involved in speech production, speech motor area

what does the frontal eye field do

controls voluntary movement of the eyes

what is the functional sensory are and what is involved

concerned with conscious awareness of sensation involves the primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe, it recives informtation from somatic sensory recieptors

somatosensory association cortex

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex, integrate sensory input and produce understanding of an object being felt

what is involved in the functional auditory sensory area

primary auditor cortex and auditory association area

what is primary auditor cortex

receives auditory information from inner ear

what is auditory association area

perception of sound stimulus, memories of sounds head i past stored here

what is involved in the functional visual sensory area

primary visual cortex, and visual association area

what is primary visual cortex

receives visuall information from retina of the eye

what is visual associaton area

uses past visual experencies to interpret visual stimulie

what is involved in olfactory, gustatory, visceral functional sensory areas

primary olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex, visceral sensory area

what is primary olfactory cortex

produces conscious awarness of different odors

what is gustatory cortex

perceibing taste stimuli

what is visceral sensory area

conscious preciption of visecrel sensations

what is motor and sensory of the homunculus

relative amount and location of cortical tissue devoted to each function is proportional to the distorted body diagrams

what is the funcational association areas

-regions that receive inputs for multiple senes and sends outputs to mulitple areas

-allows us to give meaning to information we receive ,store it in memory

What 3 parts are the associations areas divided into

anterior assocation are, posterior association are, and limbic association area

anterior associations area

prefrontal cortex, involved with intellect, cognition, recall personality

posterior association area

recognizing patterns and faces, WERNICKES AREA (understanding written and spoken language)

limbic association area

provides emotional context of perceptions of events

what is lateralization of cortical functioning

-each hemisphere has certain abilities that are not completely shared by the other

-cereberal dominance ;designates the hemisphere that is dominat for language

-left hemisphere- language math logic

-right hemisphere- visual, spatial skills, intuition,emotion

What is cerebral white matter

-deep to cortical gray matter

-communication between cerebral areas and lower cns

-myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts

what is the classified according ot direction int the cerbral white matter

-association- connect different parts of same hemispheres

-commissural-connect corresponding gray area of hemisphere

-projection- eihter enter cerbral cortex from lower brain or descend into lower brain from cortex

What is the basal nuclei?

-areas of gray matter deep within the white matter

-involved in control of skeletal muscle movement

what is the diencephalon

-central core of forevrain, primarily gray matter

-3 paired structures; thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

what is the thalamus

-80% of diencephalon

-relay station for information coming into cerebral cortex

-information is sorted out and "edited"

what is the hypothalamus

-chief intergration center of autonomic nervous system

-below thalamus

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

regulate body temperature, food intake, water balance and thirst, sleep-wake cycle, and the endocrine system

What is the epithalamus?

contains the pineal gland

what does the pineal gland do

secrete melatonin, and regualtes sleep wake cycle

what does the brain stem consist

midbrain, pons and medulla obiongata

is the brain stem necessary for survival

YES

what is the midbrain

relay information for vision and hearing

what is pons

relay "conversations" between motor cortex and cerebellum

what is the medulla oblongata

-crucial role as an autonomic reflex center

-overlaps with the hypothalamus

what are some of the crucial roles as an autonomic reflex center?

-cardiovascular;adjusts forces and rate of of heart contraction and changes blood vessel diameter to regulate blood pressure

-respiatory; generate respiatory rhythm and rate and depth of breathing

-regulates vomitting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing

what is the cerebellum

-protrudes under occipital

-provide instructions for precise,coordinated movements of skeletal muscles

-maintains muscle tone

-role in balacne

functional brain system limbic system

-major structures include amygdala and hippocampus

-plays role in expressing emotions,memory processing

higher mental fucntuoins

-complex process that involves various interconnected structures of the brain

-includes; language, consciousness

Language involves

-all of the association cortex on the eft side

-two critically important areas; BROCAS AND WERNICKES AREA

aphasias

loss of language abilities due to damage to specific areas of the brain

language aphasias

-brocas area; can understand, difficulty speaking

-wernickes area; able to speak, "word salad", difficulty understanding language

memory

the storage and retrieval of information

declarative

names, faces,words, dates

procedural

cooking a recipe from memory

motor

dribbling a basketball

emotional

heart racing hearing rattlesnake nearby

what are the two stages of declarative memory and processing

-short term memory; 7-8 pieces of information

-long term memory; limitless capacity, ability to store and retrived declines with age

what is memory processing influence by

emotional state, and rehearsel ( repetitotion)