Bio Quarter 3 Exam

Selective breeding

Looks for natural variations present in species that will produce desired traits in their offspring

Gel electrophoresis

Method of DNA separation. Produces bands that allow researchers to identify similarities and differences in genomes

Genetic engineering

Makes desired changes in an organism's genetic code

Recombinant DNA

Combining DNA fragments from 2 different sources/organisms

Gene therapy

The process of inserting modified genes into an organism to treat a disease or disorder

Transgenic organism

An organism that has recombinant DNA inserted into it

Cloning

The use of a body cell and a sex cell to create Dolly is known as this

Human Genome Project

An international project to sequence and map all human DNA

DNA fingerprint

Because everyone is unique, this can be used to identify a person

Cloning process

A body cell is taken from the organism to be cloned. An egg cell is taken from another organism (a female) and the nucleus is removed. The two cells are fused together using electric shock. The fused cell begins dividing and is then placed in the uterus of a foster mother. The embryo develops into an organism that looks like the body cell donor

Restriction enzyme

Tool used to cut DNA into fragments

How do restriction enzymes know where to cut a segment of DNA?

They recognize a certain sequence of bases

Sticky ends

The "tails" or unpaired bases that stick out after a restriction enzyme has cut a piece of DNA (except for blunt cuts).

Which end of the gel electrophoresis chamber do the DNA fragments travel to?

Positive (far) end

Where are the smaller fragments of DNA located in a gel electrophoresis chamber?

Farther

How are fossils formed?

When layers of sediment are laid over a dead organism. Over a long period of time, heat and pressure change the sediments into sedimentary rock. Chemical activities will occur that replace the organic parts of the organism with rock.

Where are the oldest fossils found?

Deeper in the ground

Relative dating

The process of using an index fossil to determine the relative age of a fossil, based on where it is located in sedimentary rock compared to the index fossil

Radioactive dating

The process of using a half-life of isotopes to calculate the absolute age of fossils

Early Earth

A planet full of volcanic activity and poisonous gases. The planet was often hit by comets and asteroids

Missing from Early Earth's atmosphere

Oxygen

Endosymbiotic theory

Groups of prokaryotes formed the first eukaryotes

Who came first, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

PROKARYOTES!

What kind of organism that lives today would have been the first living cell?

Bacteria, specifically archaebacteria

Punctuated equilibrium

Shows periods of rapid change, followed by long periods of no change

Gradualism

Shows slow, gradual change

Coevolution

When species evolve in response to each other. They do not evolve at the same time

Convergent evolution

The similar body structure but different ancestry of penguins and dolphins, or dolphins and sharks, indicates that these groups have undergone a process in which unrelated organisms come to resemble each other due to their similar environment

Divergent evolution/adaptive radiation

When one species ends up evolving into many different species that evolved based on separate environments because of the reproductive isolation that separated the populations

Which graph shows the intermediate phenotype being selected for

Stabilizing selection

Which graph shows the extreme phenotypes being selected for

Disruptive selection

Which graph shows one extreme phenotype being selected for

Directional selection

Adaptation

A change where an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

Genetic variability

Changes in the genes of organisms, as a result of sexual reproduction

Gene pool

The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population

Speciation

The formation of a new species

Reproductive isolation

The separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Survival of the fittest

Darwin's theory that organisms with the best traits for their environment will live and reproduce

Is an adaptation just physical, just behavioral, or both?

Both

Darwin's theory of natural selection

Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species' fitness in its environment

What determines whether or not an organism will survive?

Fitness

Afarensis (Lucy)

Oldest hominid fossil found

Habilis

First species to use tools

Neanderthalensis

Rough and tough species, genetic dead end

Boisei

Species most like modern gorillas

Phylogeny

Classification system based on evolutionary relationships

As jaw size \_____, brain size \_____

Decreased, increased

8 taxons of the classification system

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Genus and species

Determine scientific name

3 domains of living things

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

The 3 domains \______from a common ancestor before the evolution of the main groups of eukaryotes

Diverged/evolved

Cladogram

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships and shared traits of organisms

Cladograms show \____ relationships by using \____ \_____

Evolutionary, derived characteristics

Fungi

Heterotrophs whose cell walls contain chitin

Eubacteria

Prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan

Plantae

Multicellular autotrophs whose cell walls contain cellulose

Archaebacteria

Prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan

Animalia

Multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls or chloroplasts

Protista

Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular eukaryotes that show a variety of characteristics