Looks for natural variations present in species that will produce desired traits in their offspring
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Gel electrophoresis
Method of DNA separation. Produces bands that allow researchers to identify similarities and differences in genomes
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Genetic engineering
Makes desired changes in an organism's genetic code
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Recombinant DNA
Combining DNA fragments from 2 different sources/organisms
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Gene therapy
The process of inserting modified genes into an organism to treat a disease or disorder
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Transgenic organism
An organism that has recombinant DNA inserted into it
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Cloning
The use of a body cell and a sex cell to create Dolly is known as this
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Human Genome Project
An international project to sequence and map all human DNA
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DNA fingerprint
Because everyone is unique, this can be used to identify a person
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Cloning process
A body cell is taken from the organism to be cloned. An egg cell is taken from another organism (a female) and the nucleus is removed. The two cells are fused together using electric shock. The fused cell begins dividing and is then placed in the uterus of a foster mother. The embryo develops into an organism that looks like the body cell donor
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Restriction enzyme
Tool used to cut DNA into fragments
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How do restriction enzymes know where to cut a segment of DNA?
They recognize a certain sequence of bases
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Sticky ends
The "tails" or unpaired bases that stick out after a restriction enzyme has cut a piece of DNA (except for blunt cuts).
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Which end of the gel electrophoresis chamber do the DNA fragments travel to?
Positive (far) end
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Where are the smaller fragments of DNA located in a gel electrophoresis chamber?
Farther
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How are fossils formed?
When layers of sediment are laid over a dead organism. Over a long period of time, heat and pressure change the sediments into sedimentary rock. Chemical activities will occur that replace the organic parts of the organism with rock.
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Where are the oldest fossils found?
Deeper in the ground
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Relative dating
The process of using an index fossil to determine the relative age of a fossil, based on where it is located in sedimentary rock compared to the index fossil
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Radioactive dating
The process of using a half-life of isotopes to calculate the absolute age of fossils
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Early Earth
A planet full of volcanic activity and poisonous gases. The planet was often hit by comets and asteroids
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Missing from Early Earth's atmosphere
Oxygen
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Endosymbiotic theory
Groups of prokaryotes formed the first eukaryotes
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Who came first, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
PROKARYOTES!
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What kind of organism that lives today would have been the first living cell?
Bacteria, specifically archaebacteria
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Punctuated equilibrium
Shows periods of rapid change, followed by long periods of no change
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Gradualism
Shows slow, gradual change
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Coevolution
When species evolve in response to each other. They do not evolve at the same time
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Convergent evolution
The similar body structure but different ancestry of penguins and dolphins, or dolphins and sharks, indicates that these groups have undergone a process in which unrelated organisms come to resemble each other due to their similar environment
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Divergent evolution/adaptive radiation
When one species ends up evolving into many different species that evolved based on separate environments because of the reproductive isolation that separated the populations
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Which graph shows the intermediate phenotype being selected for
Stabilizing selection
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Which graph shows the extreme phenotypes being selected for
Disruptive selection
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Which graph shows one extreme phenotype being selected for
Directional selection
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Adaptation
A change where an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment
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Genetic variability
Changes in the genes of organisms, as a result of sexual reproduction
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Gene pool
The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population
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Speciation
The formation of a new species
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Reproductive isolation
The separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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Survival of the fittest
Darwin's theory that organisms with the best traits for their environment will live and reproduce
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Is an adaptation just physical, just behavioral, or both?
Both
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Darwin's theory of natural selection
Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species' fitness in its environment
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What determines whether or not an organism will survive?
Fitness
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Afarensis (Lucy)
Oldest hominid fossil found
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Habilis
First species to use tools
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Neanderthalensis
Rough and tough species, genetic dead end
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Boisei
Species most like modern gorillas
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Phylogeny
Classification system based on evolutionary relationships
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As jaw size \_____, brain size \_____
Decreased, increased
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8 taxons of the classification system
Domain
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Kingdom
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Phylum
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Class
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Order
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Family
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Genus
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Species
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Genus and species
Determine scientific name
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3 domains of living things
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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The 3 domains \______from a common ancestor before the evolution of the main groups of eukaryotes
Diverged/evolved
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Cladogram
Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships and shared traits of organisms
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Cladograms show \____ relationships by using \____ \_____
Studied by 21 people
Note 
Flashcard (61)