Chapter 3: Galileo and EGNOS System Architectures

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Last updated 7:30 PM on 8/7/26
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EGNOS: The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

EGNOS is Europe's Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS).

EGNOS is a Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) that does not provide standalone positioning, but acts as an overlay to improve GPS. Its core functions are enhancing accuracy and, most importantly, providing integrity information for safety-critical applications like aviation. It was Europe's first step in satnav and a stepping stone for Galileo.

  • GPS tek başına bazen yeterince güvenilir veya hassas değildir (özellikle uçak inişi gibi kritik yerlerde). EGNOS, tek başına konum veren ayrı bir uydu sistemi değildir; GPS sinyallerini "bindirerek" (overlay) iyileştiren, hataları düzelten ve "bu veriye güvenebilirsin" (integrity) garantisi veren Avrupalı bir destek sistemidir. Galileo'nun da öncüsüdür.

  • Memory Hook: Overlay + No standalone position + Integrity for aviation + Galileo's stepping stone.


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EGNOS Working Principle

The EGNOS system works in a continuous five-step loop to provide real-time corrections to users:

  • Monitor: A network of RIMS stations across Europe continuously track GPS signals.

  • Process: Mission Control Centres (MCC) calculate errors (clock, orbit, ionosphere) and assess signal integrity.

  • Uplink: Correction data is sent to Navigation Land Earth Stations (NLES).

  • Broadcast: NLES uplinks the data to GEO satellites, which broadcast it back down to users.

  • Apply: Receivers combine the GPS signals with EGNOS corrections for enhanced accuracy and reliability."



  • RIMS yerdeki gözcülerdir, GPS sinyallerini dinlerler.

  • MCC beynidir, hataları (saat kayması, yörünge hatası, iyonosfer gecikmesi) hesaplar.

  • NLES taslak mesajı uyduya fırlatmak için köprü olur.

  • GEO uyduları havadan sinyali yere (kullanıcılara) yayınlar.

  • Alıcı (Receiver) hem GPS'i hem bu düzeltmeyi birleştirerek hatasız/güvenilir konumu bulur.


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EGNOS Services

  • Open Service (OS): A free, public service that improves positioning accuracy to ~1m horizontally and ~2m vertically, used for agriculture, mapping, and in-car navigation.

  • Safety of Life (SoL) Service: A critical, free service specifically designed for safety-critical applications like aviation, providing high integrity (alerting users within seconds if a signal is unreliable) to enable LPV precision approaches.

  • EGNOS Data Access Service (EDAS): A commercial service delivering raw EGNOS data via the internet (terrestrial network) rather than satellites, aimed at professional users requiring advanced accuracy."


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Galileo System Architecture-The Three Segments of a GNSS

Galileo is Europe's independent, global satellite navigation system. Its architecture, like all GNSS, is composed of three main segments.

Space Segment: A constellation of 30 MEO satellites at an altitude of ~23,000 km, transmitting navigation signals with precise timing and orbit data.

  • Ground Segment: A global ground network managing the system, including GCC (Control Centres in Germany & Italy), GSS (Sensor Stations for tracking), ULS (Uplink Stations), and TT&C stations for satellite housekeeping.

  • User Segment: Billions of GNSS receivers (smartphones, aviation avionics, etc.) that receive signals to compute Position, Velocity, and Time (PVT)."

Her uydu navigasyon sistemi gibi Galileo da 3 temel ayağa (bölüme) dayanır:

  • Uzay Segmenti: Yukarıda yörüngede dönen 30 adet uydumuzdur; temel işi saat ve yörünge verisi içeren sinyalleri yaymaktır.

  • Yer Segmenti: Sistemi kontrol eden yer tesisleridir; Almanya (Oberpfaffenhofen) ve İtalya'daki (Fucino) GCC merkezleri, uyduları takip eden GSS istasyonları, veri yükleyen ULS ve yönetim/bakım yapan TT&C istasyonlarından oluşur.

  • Kullanıcı Segmenti: Telefonumuzdan uçak kokpitine kadar dünyadaki tüm alıcılardır; bu sinyalleri işleyerek Position, Velocity, Time (PVT) yani konum, hız ve zamanı hesaplar.


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Comparative GNSS Overview

  • GPS (USA): Global Standard & Ubiquity — the first and most mature system, integrated worldwide with proven long-term reliability.

  • GLONASS (Russia): High Latitude Coverage — higher orbit inclination that provides superior visibility and geometry in polar regions.

  • Galileo (Europe): Civilian Control & High Accuracy — the only global system under explicit civilian control, featuring a modern, multi-frequency signal design.

  • BeiDou (China): Hybrid Constellation — uniquely combines MEO, GEO, and IGSO orbits, providing regional superiority and standalone short-messaging in the Asia-Pacific.


  • GPS: Dünyanın ilk ve en yaygın sistemi; her telefonda, her cihazda standart olarak var.

  • GLONASS: Yörünge eğimi sayesinde kutuplarda (yüksek enlemlerde) en iyi görüş açısını sağlayan sistem.

  • Galileo: Askeri değil, tamamen sivil kontrol altında olan ilk küresel sistem; en modern ve hassas sinyal yapısına sahip.

  • BeiDou: Farklı tip yörüngeleri (MEO, GEO, IGSO) bir arada kullanan hibrit bir yapı; özellikle Asya-Pasifik'te ekstra performans ve mesajlaşma sunuyor.