Junior Year 2nd Sem Knowledge Check

Respiratory System

Lungs, diaphragm, trachea. Supplies air for phonation and speech.

Phonatory System

Larynx, vocal folds, glottis. Produces voiced sounds via vocal fold vibration.

Articulatory System

Tongue, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard/soft palate. Shapes speech sounds.

Resonatory System

Nasal and oral cavities, velum. Adds quality to sound (hypernasality/hyponasality).

Outer Ear

Pinna, auditory canal.

Middle Ear

Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), eustachian tube.

Inner Ear

Cochlea, semicircular canals.

Auditory Nerve

 Transmits sound to brain.

Broca’s Area

Expressive language (frontal lobe).

Wernicke’s Area

Receptive language (temporal lobe).

Cranial Nerves:

V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII essential for speech, swallowing, and hearing.

Swallowing Phases

Oral prep, oral transit, pharyngeal, esophageal.

IPA Transcription

Use of International Phonetic Alphabet for accurate sound transcription.

Consonant Classification

• Place: Where (e.g., bilabial, alveolar).
  
  

• Manner: How (e.g., stop, fricative).
  
  

• Voicing: Voiced vs. voiceless.
  

Vowel Classification

Height, backness, tenseness, roundness.

Diacritics

Narrow transcription for disordered speech.

Suprasegmentals

Pitch, stress, intonation, duration.

Dialect Variation

Impact on assessment; cultural competence in practice.

Developmental Stages

Babbling → First words (~12 months) → MLU increases → Complex syntax.

MLU (Mean Length of Utterance)

Average morphemes per utterance. Example: “I like dogs” = MLU of 3.

Brown’s Morphemes

Mastered between 20–48 months. Includes plural -s, past tense -ed, etc.

Skinner

Behaviorist Theory: Language learned through reinforcement.

Chomsky

Nativist Theory: Language is innate.

Piaget

Cognitive development drives language.

Vygotsky

Language is socially drive.

Bilingualism

• Simultaneous vs. Sequential Learners
  
  

• Code-switching is normal.

Typical age for child’s first word

Around 12 months.

What is the average vocabulary size of a child by age 2?

About 200–300 words, and they begin combining two words to form simple phrases ("more juice").

When do children begin using three-word sentences with correct word order?

Around age 3. Grammar begins to emerge with subject-verb-object structure.

What grammar skill typically develops by age 4–5?

Use of complex sentences, including conjunctions like “because” and correct use of past tense verbs.

What is pragmatic language, and when does it begin to develop?

Pragmatics involves the social rules of language use (e.g., taking turns, eye contact). It begins developing in toddlerhood and refines through school age.

By what age do children typically understand jokes and figurative language?

Around ages 7–9. They begin to grasp non-literal meanings and humor.

What changes in vocabulary occur in adolescence?

: Vocabulary becomes more abstract and specialized (e.g., academic language), with an increase in metalinguistic awareness.

When do children typically master most adult-like grammar?

By age 6–7, although refinement continues into adolescence.

What pragmatic skills are refined during school years?

Understanding conversational rules, adjusting language for different listeners, and using language to persuade or negotiate.

How does language typically change in older adulthood?

May experience slower word retrieval but vocabulary knowledge often remains strong or even improves.

Articulation Disorder

Difficulty producing specific sounds (e.g., /r/, /s/).

Phonological Disorder

Sound pattern errors (e.g., final consonant deletion, fronting).