HOSA State Study

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 563

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

564 Terms

1

Mutant

altered sequences of DNA (typos in code)

New cards
2

Rebels

aberrant proteins (people that bring code to life)

New cards
3

Invaders

unwelcome in brain (obstacles that block train tracks)

New cards
4

Evaders

not there when needed (fuel required to move train)

New cards
5

Dr. Friedrich Meischer

discovered DNA in pus

no one believed it

Scientists studied proteins instead

New cards
6

Dr. Oswald Avery

Tested how bacteria could adapt and pass down traits

Discovered that DNA had traits, not protein

New cards
7

How many nucleotides long is DNA?

over 3 billion nucleotides long

New cards
8

Huntington disease

involuntary movements and loss of voluntary movement

Creates protein that clogs brain cells

Medicine created to stop dangerous proteins from being synthesized

New cards
9

Nancy Wexler

Had a chance of Huntington disease

Researched how to find the gene

Cut up DNA like beads to compare

New cards
10

Tags

Used to find specific parts of the genome

New cards
11

Normal DNA (vs Huntington)

CAG repeat <35 times

New cards
12

Huntington DNA

CAG repeat 40+ times

New cards
13

La Bobera

early onset alzheimer’s in a family in Colombia

Largest cohort of people with familial alzheimer’s

New cards
14

Why did researchers want to study la bobera?

In their 40s so other diseases couldn’t affect research

Consistent decline

New cards
15

Dr. Alois Alzheimer

studied Auguste Deter

discovered Alzheimer’s disease

New cards
16

Camera Lucida

light-bending tool that reflected the images from a microscope onto a flat surface

New cards
17

Auguste Deter’s brain was..

a fraction of the size it should’ve been

Tangly substance and plaque in her neurons, way more than dementia patients

New cards
18

What was in Auguste’s neurons?

Tangly substance and plaque in her neurons, way more than dementia patients

New cards
19

Tubingen

university where DNA and Alzheimer’s were studied/discovered

New cards
20

Presenilin 1

gene that la bobera has mutated to cause alzheimers

(GAA → GCA)

Causes waste to not be able to be taken out of the brain

New cards
21

Chromosone 21

extra of this (down syndrome) almost all develop alzheimer’s

New cards
22

Piedrahita

first la bobera to survive alzheimer’s to age 70

New cards
23

Danny Goodman

died of frontotemporal dementia

became hypersexual

gave no privacy

New cards
24

Arnold Pick

german psychiatrist

Found that dementia could be focal and not just diffuse

Found different types of focal diseases

New cards
25

Anna Jirinec

left half of brain was 13% smaller

New cards
26

Left temporal lobe

mediates language

New cards
27

Focal processes

affect particular part of the brain (tumors and strokes)

New cards
28

Diffuse processes

attack the whole brain (senile dementia)

New cards
29

Picks Disease

frontotemporal dementia

New cards
30

Chromosome 17

GRN gene mutation for Pick’s disease, C instead of T

New cards
31

3 parts of proteins

albumin, fibrin, and gelatin (all contain nitrogen)

New cards
32

Proteins

cut, merge, transform other molecules and structural support and mediate cell division

New cards
33

Coup d'etat

proteins attacking our own brain cells

New cards
34

Lauren Kane

NMDA receptor encephalitis

antibody stuck to her NMDA receptor, caused similar effects to PCP

New cards
35

PCP: phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (aka sernyl)

affects limbic (emotional) system

New cards
36

Ovarian tumors are found in 50% of _____________ cases (⅕ have a relapse)

NMDA receptor antibody

New cards
37

Mike Bellows

whole body contractions and agitation

New cards
38

Dr. Grey McCarthy

discovered antibody that stuck to glycine receptors

New cards
39

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

discovered that nervous system wasn’t continuous (individual neurons)

New cards
40

Otto Loewi

discovered messenger molecules for long distances between neurons (neurotransmitters)

New cards
41

Neurotransmitters

adrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin

New cards
42

Glycine

neurotransmitter that lets us relax

New cards
43

Kuru

mystery disease in Papua New Guinea, wilted neurons

laughing and tremors

New cards
44

Dr. Vincent Zigas

researched Kuru

New cards
45

Dr. Daniel Carleton Gajdusek

compared Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie and found they were all contagious

New cards
46

Joe Holloway

damaged brain tissue, died from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

New cards
47

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

deadly, caused difficulty w/ movement, language, and behavior (people acted celebratory)

New cards
48

Alfons Maria Jakob

discovered Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

New cards
49

scrapie

causes sheep to scrape wool off

New cards
50

Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie

all were contagious, had microscopic similarities of Spongiform encephalopathies

New cards
51

Spongiform Encephalopathies

neurons melting away leaving spongy brain

New cards
52

Encephalopathy

derived from Greek work meaning “brain suffering”

New cards
53

Fore tribe

women and children ate brains of deceased (spread Kuru specifically in the tribe)

New cards
54

Once cannibalism stopped in fore tribe…

Kuru went extinct

New cards
55

Spongiform Encephalopathies had ____ traits

herculean (could survive heat/time/pressure)

New cards
56

Dr. Stanley Prusiner

sifted through brain and discovered protein that caused Spongiform encephalopathies

New cards
57

Prion

infectious proteins (all people have it but different shape between healthy and SE)

New cards
58

healthy prion

extends in stiff helices (stretched frozen slinkys)

New cards
59

unhealthy prions

unfolded helices and protein crumples onto itself (cause healthy prions to become SE to multiply)

New cards
60

SE diseases

mad cow disease (UK meat eaters), fatal familial insomnia (sleeplessness that causes death)

New cards
61

Dr. Sonia Vallabh

researching DNA-like molecule that could cure prions

New cards
62

small molecules

no more than 50x the size of a water molecule (can freely go in and out of cells)

New cards
63

Francois Magendie

he proved that what we eat is important (thought we just needed protein)

New cards
64

Casimir Funk

found deficiencies from missing molecules

New cards
65

Vitamine

vital + amine (arrangement of N and H atoms)

New cards
66

Why was E taken away from vitamine

not all vitamins have Nitrogen

New cards
67

Vitamin B12 deficiency

weight loss surgery or vegetarianism (smoldering confusion, limp limbs, difficulty sensing where the arms and legs are in space)

New cards
68

vitamin b6 deficiency

medications (seizures, dementia, confusion)

New cards
69

vitamin b1 deficiency

(false memories)

New cards
70

____ of all americans have a prescribed medication

half

New cards
71

___% of americans fill more than 5 prescriptions a month

12

New cards
72

__% of pescriptions are made of small molecules

90

New cards
73

biologics

medications made from proteins and DNA-like molecules

New cards
74

small molecules are…

more heat stable, simpler to purify, and easier to package in pills

New cards
75

Small molecules in medicines can have

bad side effects

New cards
76

Parkinson’s disease medication can cause

compulsive gambling

New cards
77

seizure medication can cause

word finding difficulties

New cards
78

abraham lincoln

rage caused by Blue Mass

New cards
79

blue mass

mercury (Hg) used as medicine

⅓ Hg by weight

Licorice root

Glycerol

Rose water

Honey

Hibiscus petals

New cards
80

Norbert Hisschhorn

he researched lincoln and the blue mass pills

New cards
81

First emperor of Qin dynasty died of __, resting side with rivers of _, not explored

Hg - mercury

New cards
82

Lewis and Clark

took thunderclappers, mercury deposits found from diarrhea

New cards
83

Calomel

mercury used for teething kids

New cards
84

“_ pints of saliva per day from Hg”

3

New cards
85

Mercury

Changes calcium levels of neurons making them fire when they shouldn’t

Some can change shape of neurons

Causes nervous system to sabotage itself

New cards
86

mercury given to children

wild behavioral changes, insomniacs, depression, hallucinations

New cards
87

year that less than 1% of calls to poison control were about mercury

2019

New cards
88

disease of celebrities

high levels of methylmercury from fish

New cards
89

arsenic

debunked medicine for leprosy, psoriasis, and malaria

New cards
90

gold

debunked medicine for tuberculosis

New cards
91

Lisa park

lost ability to walk well, began getting fake memories, alcoholic, low thiamine levels (34 nanomoles per liter)

She got the same medicine as Lauren Kane and Mike Bellows to stop toxic antibodies but it didn’t work

multiple neuritis

New cards
92

Dr. Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff

researched multiple neuritis

New cards
93

Arkady Volkov

arms and legs weakened, couldn’t remember anything, fake memories, alcoholic

New cards
94

multiple neuritis

nerves between spine and limbs were destroyed so arms and legs had become weak, multiple bc affected lots of neurons throughout the body, caused by lack of thiamine

New cards
95

Korsakoff’s syndrome

strange cognitive profile that sometimes accompanies multiple neuritis, fake memories and memory loss

New cards
96

Christiaan Eijkman

studied multiple neuritis on chickens (got sick after eating only white rice and got better after brown rice)

New cards
97

Late 1800’s: outbreak of ____ in Dutch troops

18 men died a day

multiple neuritis

New cards
98

dedek

stuff taken out of brown rice to make white rice had nutrient

New cards
99

aneurin

anti-multiple neuritis product in brown rice, changed to thiamine bc of sulfur

New cards
100

Thio

greek word for sulfur

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
899 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 32 people
794 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
28 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 103 people
856 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
761 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
693 days ago
4.5(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 39 people
953 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 11 people
776 days ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (33)
studied byStudied by 3 people
792 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (62)
studied byStudied by 5 people
765 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (82)
studied byStudied by 10 people
56 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 5 people
171 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 115 people
507 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 12 people
468 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 2 people
661 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (38)
studied byStudied by 38 people
8 days ago
5.0(1)
robot