GRST exam 2
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94 Terms
Symposia
A religious, sexual and political party for men
involves drinking wine, sexual education, and religious rituals on an altar
Pederasty
homosexual love between an adolescent boy (eromenos) and an active adult lover (erastes)
Hetarai
Prostitutes, often worked at symposia, had super short hair
Women during archaic times were…
Secluded, only allowed to socialize during religious rituals, once they are married they never leave the house
Thyasos
Periods of training for religious rituals undertaken by women
Archaic period warfare
Shift to collective polis values (fighting as one). Battles only lasted 1-2 hours, mostly fought on foot in the summer
Phalanx: close tight packed fighting
Hoplites
Soldiers, typically middle class
Hoplon
Round shield made of wood and a layer of bronze
What were tyrants in Archaic times?
Tyrants came from wealthy aristocratic families
Tyrants would oppose the fighting upper class families in favour of the people
Many tyrants were not bad, they actually made great progress for the cities
Sumptuary laws
Laws often created by tyrants to limit the power and wealth of the upper class
Citizens of Athens
had full citizenship, both parents were pure Athenian
Metics (metoikos)
“a person that changed residence”. They had some rights and duties (had to pay taxes), but some things were restricted from them (offices, voting, owning land, etc)
Foreigners
No rights outside of their own city
Enslaved people
did not have legal rights and were denied to create a family or maintain ties with the family they came from (less possibility of collusion and revolt)
Athens controls the area of…
Attica
Synoecism
Joining of surrounding territory to form one big place
Did Athens ever colonize?
No
Myth of Athena vs Poseidon
Athena and Poseidon have fight over who will be the worshipped one on the city
Each God gives gifts to the city to try and make their case
^ Poseidon drove his trident into the earth and created a web of salt water
^ Athena invented the Olive Tree and won the contest (olive oil is liquid gold, can be used for many reasons and can be traded for a lot of money
Theseus
Founder of Athens and its democracy
Athenian pottery
They invented red figure pottery
it was an important good for them to trade
They transported olive oil in small pottery vials
When was Cylon’s attempt at tyranny?
632 BC
When was Pisistratus’s second and finally successful tyranny?
546 BC
Athenian government positions in Archaic time?
3 Archons:
Basileus
Eponymous Archon (related to the date)
Polemarch (war leader)
7-9 Judicial officials (Thesmothetai)
Council of Areopagus
What was Cylon’s attempt at tyranny like?
Cylon attempted to take the city with the help of his father in law
Failed, supporters killed my Megacles
^ they hid in the temple of Athena, Megacles killed them anyways and was exiled for it
Who was Solon and what did he do?
Solon (638-558 BC) was chosen as diallaktes (arbiter) and archon (594 or 592) after he came back victorious from the war against Megara for the control of the island of Salamis
^ His job was to create reforms that would benefit society
What were Solon’s 5 key reforms?
Seisachteia (shaking of burdens) - no making debtors slaves
Freedom for slaves
Constitutional reform (new class system based on bushels of grain)
Amnesty for exiled people
Family laws (adoption and heir rights; purity of family lines)
What were the new classes Solon created during his reform?
Pentakoiomedimnoi: income of 500+ bushels
Hippeis: income between 300-499 bushels
Zeugitai: income between 200-299 bushels
Thetes: income of 199 bushels or less
What were the three factions fighting for control after Solon, during the state of anarchy?
Men of the coast (led by Megakles) - aristocrats
Men of the plain (led by Lykourgos)
Men of the hill (led by Pisistratus) - the middle class people of Athens
When did Pisistratus successfully become the tyrant of Athens?
546 BC
During his reign economy, foreign politics, and public infrastructure developed a lot
What were Pisistratus’s three cultural reforms?
“Atticization” of the Homeric poems (collecting the poems and write them down)
Hosting the Panathenaia Festival (grew Athenian identity)
The introduction of the Great Dionysian (534 BC) (the festival where the greeks invented drama and celebrated Dionysus)
^ Included Pompe (procession), singning/dancing contests, and tragodia (goat/satyr song)
Who were Hippias and Hipparchus?
The two sons of Pisistratus, inherited his power
Ostracism
The process through which the Athenians could expel a leading figure for 10 years if they gained enough votes
The council member would write the name on an Ostrakon (piece of broken pottery)
Sparta expanded into what areas?
Messenia and Laconia
Homoioi/Spartiates
True Spartans, full-blooded citizens
Perioikoi
The neighbouring people of Sparta, not full citizens but not slaves
Helots
Slaves from Messenia
How many kings did Sparta have?
two, one for military and the other for state stuff
Gerousia (Sparta)
council of the Elders
Ephors (Sparta)
5, Basically judges that oversee the Kings
Apella (Sparta)
the assembly of Homoioi
What was the Krypteia in Sparta?
a rite of passage for youth
They were supposed to go terrify the Helots, assert their dominance, and kill a helot to transition to a man
Famous saying about Spartan soldiers
you either come back with your shield or on your shield after a battle
Peloponnesian League
Sparta and its allies
Who was Herodotus?
The historian that documented the Persian War
Ionian Revolt
The start of the first Persian War; this is when the Greeks in Asian Minor (Ionia) revolt against the Persians
Lead by Aristagoras
When was the first Persian War?
490 BC
Summary of the first Persian War
propaganda against Persia
Darius I asked for submission (Earth and water) from the Greeks; many said yes, Athenians, importantly, said no
Battle of Marathon: big battle between Persians and Athenians; Athenians won
What changes did the Athenians make to their naval army after the first Persian War?
naval law
Developed a huge fleet of Triremes
Themistocles persuaded the Athenians to make three naval and commercial bases
When was the second Persian War?
480 - 478 BC
Summary of the second Persian War
Xerxes took over for Darius
Xerxes wanted revenge, created a bridge over Hellespont to more quickly transport his army
^ The greeks saw this as arrogant, hybris, challenging the god’s will for water there
The Hellenic League (Peloponnesian League + Athens) fought against the Persians
The Oracle at Delphi discouraged the Greeks from waging war
The Battle of Thermopylae (A few Spartans delaying the Persians in a small pass)
Battle of Salamis (Xerxes attacked Athens, was defeated by the Athenian fleet)
Battle of Plataea (Where the Greek won the war)
What were the positive consequences of the Persian Wars?
Self-confidence
artistic, cultural, and political developments that are visible in the Classical Period
New Hellenistic identity
What were the negative consequences of the Persian War?
the demonization of foreign things
Strong distinction between “the West” and “the East”
What League was created after the Persian Wars and when?
The Delian League, 477 BC
What is the long wall?
A wall Athens built after the Persian, goes from central Athens to the harbour
Who was Cimon?
The first leader of the Delian League, leader of the Athenian army
He was ultimately ostracized for wanting to be peaceful towards Sparta, Ephialtes took over
Cleruchy
dependant colonies that help to solve conflict by sending away people who might cause chaos, also a place where poor people can get land
The dark evolution of the Delian League?
Athenian imperialism
Forcing poleis to join or stay in the league
taking tribute money for themselves
“First” Peloponnesian War (460-445 BC)
A series of small conflicts between Sparta and Athens and the leagues they were leading
Ephialtes
Took over from Cimon, declared all male citizens equal participants, no citizenship for immigrants, and tons of new slaves
He gave less power to the Aeropagus (old aristocratic assembly)
Killed before the first Peloponnesian war
Pericles and his reforms
Lead the city for a long time in different positions
Created the ecclesia (Athenian Assembly of 1/8 the population)
He introduced the need to pay to be a juror
Citizenship laws
When was the Peloponnesian War?
431 -404 BC
What were the four phases of the Peloponnesian War and when did they happen?
The Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
The Peace of Nicias (421 BC)
The In-between Period and the Sicilian Expedition (421-413 BC)
The Ionian War (413-404 BC)
Summary of the Archidamian War (1) (431-421 BC)
Periodic invasions of Attica/Athens by the Peloponnesian League to destroy their farms and land
Pericles hid his army behind the walls of Athens, relying on naval trade to keep them fed
In 430 BC there was a plague in Athens due to close living conditions
Both Cleon (important demagogos) and Brasidas (from the Spartans) died, and the new generals tried to advocate for a treaty
Summary of the the Peace of Nicias (2) (421 BC)
One year of peace due to a treaty, plays highlighted how trade collapsed during this time
Summary of the in-between Period and the Sicilian Expedition (3) (421 -413 BC)
Alcibiades and Dinomachos, both Athenian leaders, stirred spirits towards war again
Athens attacked Melos, killed all the men
Segasta asked for the Athenians help against the Syracusans, Alcibiades convinced them to do so
However, Alcibiades was accused of mutilating stone structures in Athens and was exiled on the way to Segasta
The Athenians were ultimately defeated by the Syracusans, it was a terrible loss for the Athenians
Summary of the Ionian War (4) (413 - 404 BC)
Athens was weakened, in crisis economically
^ they abandoned democracy for oligarchy (council of the 400 → the 5000)
Sparta allied with Persia
There was a famine after a small victory for Athens, so Athens had to agree to the Spartan terms of peace (the destruction of the long wall and a large part of their fleet)
The Thirty Tyrant Regime
A punishment for Athens after the Peloponnesian War
Thirty tyrants ruled/terrorized the city, there was a lot of bloodshed as the tyrants wanted power and money
After 8 months the tyrants were defeated by democratic exiles and Thebes
The Spartan kings were okay with it, as the tyrants had been brutal
Decarchy
a board of 10 pro-Spartan officials that ensured the stability of the newly oligarchic regimes and the loyalty to Sparta
Brief overview of the rise and fall of Thebes
Thebes helped Athens destroy the thirty tyrants
They joined the Boeotian League (Thebes+Corinth+Athens)
Sparta destroyed the Boeotian League and installed an oligarchic pro-Spartan movement in Thebes
371 BC: Battle of Leuctra (Boeotians vs Sparta), Thebes won and established themselves as a strong military force
Epaminondas (the leader of the Thebans) died, and the Theban dream of imperialism ended
When was the battle of Leuctra? (Thebes (Boeotian League) vs Sparta and its allies)
371 BC, this established Thebes as a military powerhouse
In the 4th century, religion shifted from …
communal to personal (Delphi was looted, showed the loss of respect for communal things people had)
Athenian justice; what is the Dikasteria?
the peoples court, became more relevant than the ecclesia
Dikasts = jurors, 201-501
The Dikasteria didn’t care about precedents, they chose the penalty, death penalty was common
What happened to Socrates and what was he accused of?
He was made a scape-goat for the bad behaviour of the thirty tyrants
He was accused of…
Not believing in the gods of the polis
teaching about new gods
corrupting the young
Who was Philip II?
Became king of Macedonia in 360/359 BC
Exiled as a youth, raised in the city of Thebes
He was a great reformer, military mind
Used marriage to create alliances with other kingdoms
He obtained the trust of the aristocracy by paying for the education of their young men at his court
Sarissa
6 meter long pike
Pezhetairoi
foot companion; renamed from hoplites to make them feel more special
Hetairoi
Companions of the (Macedonian) king
when was the battle of Chaeronea? (Boeotian League and some Peloponnesian cities VS Philip - Philip won)
338 BC
The Corinthian League
The Greeks + Macedonia, but Macedonia was much more in charge
Created a common enemy of Persia
Philip was hegemon of the League, he basically starts what Alexander would finish
Alexander the Great
King of Macedonia after Philip, conquered Asia up to India
Believed to be a god by his people
What image of himself did Alexander promote?
He was Zeus/Ammon’s son
His mom got struck by lightning
Showed himself as youthful, in the gods’ image
printed his face on coins, accurate statues
Overview of Alexander’s campaign in Asia?
Conquered Egypt, created Alexandria
Fights Darius III (Persia), wins big twice
^ Destroys Persepolis
After Darius is killed by Bassus (his rival for the throne), Alexander posits himself as the defender of Persia and Bassus as a usurper
However, Persia somewhat revolts, Alexander marries him and his men to local women to pacify them
How did Alexander’s campaign in Asia end?
Reached India
His soldiers were tired though, mutiny
When did Alexander the Great die?
323 BC
In the Hellenistic period, which cities became the old and new cultural centres?
Old = Athens
New = Alexandria
What was the philosophy of Zeno and the Stoics?
Earth at the centre of the universe
Zeus as the primary mover
advocates for inner tranquility, humanitarianism, and public service
What was the philosophy of Epicurus and the Epicureans?
The universe was created by a chance combination of atoms
ataraxia: a state free from extreme pleasure and pain
What was the museum in Alexandria?
A grand cultural foundation dedicated to the nine muses
Scholars could study at the library in a beautiful environment
Who were the Villanivans?
Ancestors to the Etruscans
they had peculiar burial practices
Who were the Etruscans?
A collection of independent city-states in the Italy area, pre-Greeks
Not sure if they are immigrants to the area or if they are the natives
Great craftsmen, lots of naval trade
Open culture, women participated more
What were the Greek influences on the Etruscans?
The Etruscan religion integrated Greek gods and magical rituals
They adapted the Greek alphabet to their own needs
What are the Disciplina Etrusca?
rules of a strongly ritualized religious practice in which questions to the god would be asked (by priests) while carefully respecting the answer
The Romans took this practice from the Etruscans
Ver Sacrum
Great movements of people and ritual expansions toward the sea
^ A reason Rome was populated
Why was Rome constructed where it is?
A good site for agriculture
The hills were a natural defensive system
It was next to a navigable river (Tiber)
A suitable place for pastoral communities that practiced Ver Sacrom