Bio 11 Unit 1

Main Objective- To describe the needs and characteristics of all living things

What do all living organism need to survive

Water, Nutrients, Space to live, Air (Oxygen and/or Carbon dioxide)

Why is water crucial for an organism

helps them carry out Cellular Activities

(Everything a cell needs to do to survive. Ex. DNA replication, protein synthesis, breaking down of food, and transport of waste and nutrients)

Why are nutrients crucial for an organism

It provides them with what they need to grow.

What are the 2 types of organisms that consume food differently

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Autotrophs are producers who synthesize their own food

Heterotrophs are consumers that consume food from outside sources.

Why do organisms need space to live

provides a place where they can get food, water, and shelter.

Organisms often compete for space.

Why do organisms need Air

Plants need CO2 for photosynthesis,

Both plants and animals need O2 for Cellular respiration.

What are the characteristics of a living thing

Cool Hippos Eat Really Tasty Green Red Cherries

C- Cells (are made of cells)

H- Homeostasis

E- Energy (Obtain and use energy)

R- Reproduction

T- Traits (Pass down traits to offspring)

G- Growth

R- Response (respond to environment)

C- Change (evolve over time)

What are the 2 cell classifications

Unicellular and Multicellular

What is Homeostasis

The ability to maintain internal conditions in response to environmental change (Ex. sweating, shivering, etc.)

What and why do organisms use energy

uses an energy currency called ATP (or Adenosine Triphosphate)

Powers daily functions and repairs/replaces damaged cells

how do organisms reproduce

Sexual and Asexual reproduction

How are traits passed down to offsprings in an organism and when does it occur

Traits are passed on through genes found in the genetic code (DNA and RNA)

Occurs in both reproductions

How do organisms grow

Using cells by number OR size

What is a cell

The smallest unit that has all the characteristics of a living thing

What are prokaryotes

Simple, unicellular organisms

no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus)

All are bacteria

What are Eukaryotes

Complex organisms

can be BOTH uni and multicellular

contains membrane-bound organelles like nucleus

what are unicellular organisms

Consists of one cell

can be both pro and eukaryotes

One cell carries out all functions

NO cell specialization

What are Multicellular organisms

Made of MORE than one cell

cell differentiation= different appearances and functions

cell specialization: cells are specialized to perform certain functions

What are some examples of cell specialization

Neurons, Red Blood Cells, Sperm cells, etc.

What is cell differentiation and how does it happen

result of gene expression

cells develop differently therefore having different appearances and functions

resulting in the making of different proteins

What is gene expression

genes turning on and off

most cells in body have the same DNA, cells only use DNA they need, rest is inactive.

What is stem cells

Stem cells are cells that can become any cell in the body due to not having gone through cell differentiation.

What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is the chemical equation for Cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

What is a Stomata

Tiny pores in the leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave.

Where is glucose stored in the plant

Within the vacuoles

Where does the water enter through

The water enters from the roots

Where is ATP created

the mitochondria

What is an adaptation

Characteristics that help an organism survive and reproduce in their environment (Structure and behaviours for food, mates, protection, and movement)

What is Hypothesis 1 of the origins of species

Aristotle’s theory.

What is Hypothesis 2

Darwin and Lamarck

What is Lamarck’s theory

Law of use and disuse

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

What is the law of use and disuse

The more a body part is used, the more developed it will be.

What is inheritance of acquired characteristics

more developed or underdeveloped traits are passed on to children

How was Lamarck’s theory disproved

Weismann cut off tails from 20 generations of mice and did not notice a change in the tail’s development.

What is Darwin’s theory

Natural selection

Struggle for survival

Inheritable variation

Variation of fitness

What is Natural Selection

Organisms possessing traits that are suited for the environment have a higher likelihood of survival and reproduction

What are the 4 conditions for Natural Selection

Struggle for survival

Inheritable variation

Variation of fitness

Lots of time

What is struggle for survival

Competition to live between living things due to lack of food and resources

What is Inheritable variation within population and what does it do

Organisms exhibit differences due to variations in genes within a population.

Inheritable traits caused by variation in genes are passed down to offspring

what is variation of fitness

Fitness is an organism’s ability to produce offspring

ex. Long neck → live longer → pass on genes

What does time have to do with evolution

Over many generations, natural selection causes gradual changes in population resulting in all organisms acquiring traits.

What is speciation

formation of a new, distinct species due to evolution.

What is considered 2 distinct species

Two organisms are considered distinct species when they produce infertile offsprings.

What are 3 types of evolution

Convergent

Divergent

Co-evolution

what is convergent evolution and when does it happen

Two or more species share similar traits that doesn’t come from common ancestor

Happens when different species in similar environments develop similar traits for survival.

What are shared structures called

Analogous structures

What is Divergent Evolution and when does it happen

When two or more species separating from a common ancestor

Happens when a part of a population changes in environment.

What is coevolution and when does it happen

When 2 species influence each other’s evolution.

ex. predator and prey

What was the bird and butterfly diagram for coevolution

Bird feeds on mimic—> mimic evolved to look like monarch —> monarch gets eaten more —> monarch evolves to look less like mimic —> inedible to birds —> birds evolve to spot difference between monarch and mimic

What is the plants and insects diagram for coevolution

Plant evolves chemical defense against insects—> Insects evolve to resist defense

Plants evolve stronger defense—>

Insects resist again —→ and so on

What is evolution in a gene pool

Change in relative frequency of alleles in a population’s gene pool

What are alleles

Variations of genes that codes for eye color, fur color, etc.

What are inheritable mutations

Inheritable change to DNA that occurs in GERM CELLS (eggs and sperm)

What are mutations

mutations are the source of new alleles in a population leading to an increase of genetic variation.

what can new inheritable mutations occur through

Radiation, chemicals, Mostly DNA replication.

What are gene pools

consists of all alleles of individuals that make up a population.

Where genetic variation is stored.

What is a population in evolution

A population is the smallest level at which evolution can occur.

What will affect the frequency of certain alleles in a gene pool

Natural Selection

Genetic Flow

Genetic drift

Inbreeding

What is genetic flow and what does it result in

Exchange of alleles between 2 populations of the same species

results in increased genetic variation in both populations

What is genetic drift

A change in population’s gene pool due to RANDOM change

what are the two types of genetic drift

Genetic bottleneck

Founder affect

What is genetic bottleneck and what does it impact

Occurs when an event like a natural disaster significantly reduces a population’s size and gene pool

decreases genetic variation in population

What is founder effect and what does it result in

When small number of population moves to a new habitat and start a new population.

decrease in genetic variation

What is inbreeding and what does it result in

Reproduction with closely related animals over multiple generations

results in deleterious alleles.

What are deleterious alleles

an allele that makes animals less fit

What is the small group called that founded the population

The founding population

What is Artificial selection

Selective breeding

Happens when humans decide which traits are useful instead of the environment

What are some advantages of selective breeding

Favourable traits that human find desirable such as Disease resistance, strength, calmness, lean meat, etc.

What are some disadvantages of selective breeding?

Decreased genetic diversity.

Undesirable traits from both parents may appear in offspring.

What are some evidence of evolution

Homologous and vestigial structures

DNA evidence

Embryo development

Fossil records

How does DNA evidence prove evolution

Species that share closer evolutionary relationship will exhibit higher similarity in DNA

How does Embryo development prove evolution

When embryos of multiple different species develop in very similar ways, it suggests a common ancestor

What are fossil records and what do they prove

Preserved remains of organisms

They give us time scale of how long evolution takes

proves how similar extinct animals and animals of today are

What are vestigial structures

structures reduced in size and function that may once have been complete and functional.

Define gradualism

Change happens slowly over a long period of time

What is punctuated equilibrium

suggests that most of evolution is long periods of time without significant change punctuated by short periods with substantial change.

How does inbreeding affect the chances of deleterious alleles

parents from a common ancestor are more likely to result in 2 recessive alleles which could code for deleterious alleles in the offspring