Module 12 - urinary syst

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10 Terms

1
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What are diagnostic tests looking for in the urine?

Colour, blood, protein, bacteria, glucose, ketones

2
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diagnostic test - Cystoscopy, dialysis, hemodialysis vs peritoneal dialysis?

-scopy = procedure to look, procedure to visualize

-cyst/o = bladder or sac

-Cystoscopy = a procedure to visualize the bladder (in this case the urinary bladder)

Dialysis - A treatment for kidney failure where a machine filters waste and excess fluid from the blood - essentially doing the kidneys job (reabsorption and filtration)

Types:

  • Hemodialysis - Blood is removed from the body, filtered through a dialyzer (“artificial kidney”), then returned to the body

  • Peritoneal dialysis - uses the lining of your abdomen (peritoneum) as the filter.

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Lower urinary tract infections - Cystitis & Urethritis? Signs?

Cystitis - inflammation of the bladder (usually from bacterial infections)

Signs: Bladder wall or urethra are inflamed, reddened, swollen, dysuria (painful urination), urgency and frequency occur, urine is often cloudy and foul smelling

Urethritis - Inflammation of the urethra (can be cause by bacteria, viruses, or irritation)

Signs: Dysuria, itching or irritation at urethral opening, clear, cloudy, or purulent discharge, redness/swelling at urethral meatus

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Upper urinary tract infections - Pyelonephritis? Signs? treatment?

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney tissue, caused by bacteria ascending from the lower urinary tract

Signs: Fever and chills, flank pain or back pain, dysuria, frequency, nocturia, nausea, vomiting

Treatment: Antibiotics

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Urolithiasis? Signs?

The formation of stones (calculi - composed of calcium salts) anywhere in the urinary tract

  • high urine calcium levels

  • Form readily with highly alkaline urine

Uric acid

  • Hyperuricemia

    • From purine breakdown (gout, high-protein diets, cancer, chemotherapy

Can form due to:

  • Excessive amounts of solutes in filtrate

  • Insufficient fluid intake - major factor for calculi formation

  • Urinary tract infections

Signs: hematuria, nausea, vomiting, urinary urgency or frequency, possible infection signs.

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Urinary tract obstructions? Signs?

Any blockage that slows or stops the normal flow of urine through the urinary system.

Can lead to back-up of the urine into the kidneys which cause hydronephrosis (swelling of a kidney due to a build up of urine) - can lead to necrosis due to pressure and compression of blood vessels in the kidney

Signs: Voiding problems, pain, hematuria, frequent UTIs, oliguria or anuria

  • Renal colic: A type of pain that happens when something suddenly blocks the urinary tract.

    • Severe cramping flank pain caused by acute obstruction of urine flow from the kidney

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Renal cell carcinoma? Signs?

A malignant tumor that arises from the kidneys tubule epithelium, more often in the renal cortex

Signs: Painless hematuria initially, gross or microscopic, dull, aching flank pain, unexplainable weight loss, anemia, hypercalcemia or crushings syndrome.

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Bladder cancer? Signs? Treatment? Diagnosis?

Most bladder tumors are malignant and commonly arise from transitional epithelium of the bladder lining.

Signs: Hematuria, dysuria, infections common

Treatment: Surgical resection of the tumor, Urinary diversion

Diagnosis: Cytology, biopsy

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Acute renal failure? Signs? Treatment?

A sudden loss of kidney function over hours to days, leading to the inability to excrete waste, concentrate urine, and maintain fluid/electrolyte balance.

Signs: Oliguria (low urine output) or anuria (no urine), fluid retention, fatigue, confusion, nausea, vomiting, arrhythmias

Treatment: identify and remove or treat primary problem - minimize risk of necrosis and permanent kidney damage.

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Chronic renal failure? Signs?

A progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function lasting over 3 months, leading to the kidneys inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte and waste balance.

Signs: Fatigue, weakness, fluid retention, nausea, anorexia, pruritus (itching), polyuria, muscle cramps.