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What are diagnostic tests looking for in the urine?
Colour, blood, protein, bacteria, glucose, ketones
diagnostic test - Cystoscopy, dialysis, hemodialysis vs peritoneal dialysis?
-scopy = procedure to look, procedure to visualize
-cyst/o = bladder or sac
-Cystoscopy = a procedure to visualize the bladder (in this case the urinary bladder)
Dialysis - A treatment for kidney failure where a machine filters waste and excess fluid from the blood - essentially doing the kidneys job (reabsorption and filtration)
Types:
Hemodialysis - Blood is removed from the body, filtered through a dialyzer (“artificial kidney”), then returned to the body
Peritoneal dialysis - uses the lining of your abdomen (peritoneum) as the filter.
Lower urinary tract infections - Cystitis & Urethritis? Signs?
Cystitis - inflammation of the bladder (usually from bacterial infections)
Signs: Bladder wall or urethra are inflamed, reddened, swollen, dysuria (painful urination), urgency and frequency occur, urine is often cloudy and foul smelling
Urethritis - Inflammation of the urethra (can be cause by bacteria, viruses, or irritation)
Signs: Dysuria, itching or irritation at urethral opening, clear, cloudy, or purulent discharge, redness/swelling at urethral meatus
Upper urinary tract infections - Pyelonephritis? Signs? treatment?
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney tissue, caused by bacteria ascending from the lower urinary tract
Signs: Fever and chills, flank pain or back pain, dysuria, frequency, nocturia, nausea, vomiting
Treatment: Antibiotics
Urolithiasis? Signs?
The formation of stones (calculi - composed of calcium salts) anywhere in the urinary tract
high urine calcium levels
Form readily with highly alkaline urine
Uric acid
Hyperuricemia
From purine breakdown (gout, high-protein diets, cancer, chemotherapy
Can form due to:
Excessive amounts of solutes in filtrate
Insufficient fluid intake - major factor for calculi formation
Urinary tract infections
Signs: hematuria, nausea, vomiting, urinary urgency or frequency, possible infection signs.
Urinary tract obstructions? Signs?
Any blockage that slows or stops the normal flow of urine through the urinary system.
Can lead to back-up of the urine into the kidneys which cause hydronephrosis (swelling of a kidney due to a build up of urine) - can lead to necrosis due to pressure and compression of blood vessels in the kidney
Signs: Voiding problems, pain, hematuria, frequent UTIs, oliguria or anuria
Renal colic: A type of pain that happens when something suddenly blocks the urinary tract.
Severe cramping flank pain caused by acute obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
Renal cell carcinoma? Signs?
A malignant tumor that arises from the kidneys tubule epithelium, more often in the renal cortex
Signs: Painless hematuria initially, gross or microscopic, dull, aching flank pain, unexplainable weight loss, anemia, hypercalcemia or crushings syndrome.
Bladder cancer? Signs? Treatment? Diagnosis?
Most bladder tumors are malignant and commonly arise from transitional epithelium of the bladder lining.
Signs: Hematuria, dysuria, infections common
Treatment: Surgical resection of the tumor, Urinary diversion
Diagnosis: Cytology, biopsy
Acute renal failure? Signs? Treatment?
A sudden loss of kidney function over hours to days, leading to the inability to excrete waste, concentrate urine, and maintain fluid/electrolyte balance.
Signs: Oliguria (low urine output) or anuria (no urine), fluid retention, fatigue, confusion, nausea, vomiting, arrhythmias
Treatment: identify and remove or treat primary problem - minimize risk of necrosis and permanent kidney damage.
Chronic renal failure? Signs?
A progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function lasting over 3 months, leading to the kidneys inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte and waste balance.
Signs: Fatigue, weakness, fluid retention, nausea, anorexia, pruritus (itching), polyuria, muscle cramps.