WMAN Section 3

SSPs

Species survival plans

Role of SSPs

Help to ensure the survival of endangered and threatened species by breeding them in captivity

Captive breeding methods

Cross-fostering, artificial incubation, artificial insemination, and embryo transfer

Limitations to zoos in conservation

Cost, population size, adaptation, learning skills, genetic variability, continuity, concentration, surplus animals

Reintroduction

Release within their historical range where the species no longer occurs

Augmentation

Release into an existing population to increase the size & gene pool

Introduction

Release animals to areas outside of their historic range

Genetic considerations for successful programs

Low variability, adaptations to captivity, inbreeding, selected from a similar environment

Hard release

Immediate release into the wild from a transport container

Soft release

Gradual release into the wild from an enclosure placed in the release location

Additive mortality

Immediate reduction in survival

Compensatory mortality

No reduction in survival

Adaptive management step 1

Design an explicit model

Adaptive management step 2

Management plan that maximizes results and learning

Adaptive management step 3

Monitoring plan to test assumptions

Adaptive management step 4

Implement plans

Adaptive management step 5

Analyze data

Biological station protected area

Managed mainly for science

Wilderness area protected area

Managed mainly for wilderness

National parks

Managed for ecosystem protection and recreation

National monuments

Conservation of a specific natural feature

Habitat management areas

Conservation through intervention

Protected landscapes/seascapes

Conservation and recreation

Managed resource area

Sustainable use

Marine protected areas

Areas where resources are given more protection than surrounding waters

Classification focuses of marine protected areas

Conservation focus, level of protection, consistency of protection, ecological scale of protection

Considerations in decided what areas should be protected

Distinctiveness, endangerment, utility, and wilderness areas

The four “R’s”

Representation, resiliency, redundancy, reality

Theory of island biogeography

As extinction goes up, immigration goes down. The intersection of the two lines is the equilibrium point

Single Large (SLOSS)

More species, large, wide-ranging, lower density species, minimizing edge habitat

Several Small (SLOSS)

Habitat variety, more rare species, protection against catastrophes

Reserve design (key points)

As large as possible, adjacent lands should be protected, well-managed small reservs have value, climate change will change ecosystems

Issues with habitat corridors

Need to be customized to each species, invasive species & disease spread more easily, greater predation risk, expensive

Restoration

Return to previous condition

Reclamation

Return to some type of use

Mitigation

Reduce the effects of an action

Importance of LWD

Crucial for channel morphology, increases sinuosity, stops bank erosion, overhangs for habitats

Settling ponds

Reduce heavy materials and fine particulates that enter streams, pond size is relative to drainage area

Limestone

Used to buffer acidity from acid mine drainage and acid rain

Rock veins

Mitigate sediment deposition by forcing water into one area and onto floodplains during high flow

Lacy Act (year, purpose, amendments)

1900. Prohibits trade in wildlife and plants that have been illegally taken. A 2008 amendment included timber.

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (year, purpose, managed by…)

1918. All native migratory birds and their parts are fully protected (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Japan, and Russia). Managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Marine Mammal Protection Act (year, purpose, amendments, managed by…)

1972. Prohibits take of marine animals. 1994: Revisions for incidental take from commercial fisheries. Regulated by NOAA

Endangered Species Act listings

Endangered and threatened

Distinct population segments (ESA)

Only VERTEBRETES. Considers the discreteness and significance of the population

Critical habitat

Habitat that is essential to the conservation of a species

ESA Section 9

Protection on private lands (plants not included)

ESA Section 7

Federal protection

Clean Water Act (year, purpose, managed by…)

1972. Water pollution in navigable waters. EPA

Wetland protection under the CWA

ONLY if they have a continuous surface connection