industrial society lecture

how many cities have over 1 million people?

450 cities, 21 have 10-35 million

200 years ago London was the only city with over 1 million

how much of the earth’s natural resources do cities use? how much CO2 do they emit?

75% of natural resources

70% of CO2 emissions

only occupy 2% of the earth’s surface

industrial revolution (1780s-1850s)

the creation of a mechanized factory system which in turn produces in such vast quantities and at such rapidly diminishing costs, as to be no longer dependent on existing demand, but to create its own market

cities of trade

Florence, Venice, and Milan may have reached 100,000 by the 15th century, Parys maybe 80,000

growth of production and trade

increasing the use of money and the commoditization of daily life

rise of capitalist society

buy low, sell high

Europeans extracting resources and labor in colonies, selling their products for the highest profits possible

colonization, slaves

London

became the preeminent world capitalist city

large populations of soldiers, sailors, and settlers

Britain possessed critical raw materials, such as coal, iron, and tin

migration of entrepreneurs and skilled laborers

created the vital economic institutions essential to the control and administration of an ever-expanding world economy

port

Manchester

dominated by factories and mass production of goods

not a port like London

located near fuel

COTTON

establishes a pattern

transformation of agriculture

geared towards the 3 fundamental functions of industrialization

• increase production/productivity

• large and rising surplus of potential recruits

• mechanism for the accumulation of capital

labor

basic requirement, the most crucial factor to be mobilized and redeployed

required a sharp decline in agricultural population

Victorian Holocausts and famine

31-61 million people died from famine and profiteering in India, China, and Brazil

village-level reciprocities gone

new monocultures

irrigation diversion

inequality of nations was as profound as the inequality of classes

plantationocene

moving plant lifeforms around the world for capital accumulation and profit

laboring poor

hand-to-mouth existence

mass-alcoholism

infanticide, prostitution, suicide, mental derangement

increase in crime

social catastrophe

what did the unplanned mass growth in cities lead to?

no sewers, street cleaning, water-supply to match the pop

working-class housing awful

epidemics many diseases

suburbanization

owners of the factories moved out into the suburbs → getting big profits from og homes

mill workers lived as close to their mills as they could get

which domesticated crop was essential to the rise of the factory system?

cotton

features of the rise of the agricultural system in England

• people were pushed off the land to make it more productive

• farms became mechanisms for accumulating capital

• land was turned into a commodity

peasantry and agrarian society

emergence of peasantry and the rise of the state at the same time

cooperative work party

peasants paid the taxes

egalitarian structure to social life in villages

kinship - bonds of mutual obligation and expectations

what are the precursors to industrial society?

cities of trade - growth of production and trade

rise of capitalist society - commoditization and colonization

key social condition: land as property

1. land turned into a commodity → enclosures act

2. men profiting off of land

3. surplus labor

rise of markets and capital

• mass British textile production overtook the India handloom

• plantationocene with cotton, tobacco, coffee, and sugar cane

bourgeois hegemony and ideology

their worldview of the dominant class becomes the accepted cultural norm

misrepresents the social, political, and economic status quo as natural, inevitable, and perpetual conditions that benefit every social class