Chemistry PACE 1123

The _______ of a crystal is caused by the attraction of particles with unlike electric charges and the repulsion of particles with like charges

Pattern

Total kinetic and potential energy of a substance

Thermal energy

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1.0 g of water from 14.5 c to 15.5 c

Calorie

Device used to measure total amount of heat given off by a reaction

Calorimeter

The amount of heat lost equals amount of heat gained by an object

Law of Conservation of Energy

Process of changing a substance from liquid phase to gas phase

Vaporization

Amount of force required to accelerate an object with a mass of 1.0 kg to an acceleration of 1 m/sec2

Newton

Measurement of the amount of heat gained or lost during a chemical reaction

Calorimetry

The particles of matter are in ________ motion

Constant

__________ between particles are completely elastic

Collisions

The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure applied to it if the temperature remains constant PV=k

Boyle's Law

The absolute temperature of a gas is directly proportional to the pressure if the volume remains constant P/T=k

Gay-Lussac's Law

The total pressure of a mixture of gasses is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each component gas Pt=P1+P2+P3+...

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

Under conditions of constant temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules V=kn

Avogadro's principle

The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute (Kelvin) temperature if the pressure remains constant V/T=k

Charles' Law

Under conditions of constant temperature and pressure, the ratios of the volumes of gases that react are small whole numbers

Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes

The pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas are all related if the quantity of gas remains constant PV/T=k

Combined Gas Law

The relationship between volume and pressure of a gas

Inverse

The relationship between pressure and temperature of a gas and volume and temperature of a gas

Direct

Pressure is 760 torr; temperature is 273 k

STP (standard temperature and pressure)

Makes it possible for the chemist to compensate for the added pressure of water that evaporates during the water displacement process and mixes with the collected gas

A table of partial pressures

Cohesive forces in a liquid create a tight layer of molecules at the surface, the property of liquids that make the surface of a liquid flat and a droplet spherical

Surface tension

Smallest portion of a crystal that reveals the three-dimensional pattern for the entire crystal

Unit cell

Three-dimensional, repeated arrangement of a crystal

Crystal lattice

Under conditions of equal temperature and pressure, the rates of effusion or diffusion of two gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar masses

Graham's Law of Effusion/Diffusion

Caused by surface tension and by capillarity, concave depression on the surface of a liquid

Meniscus

Whether or not a solid has a _______ _________ determines whether it is a crystalline or amorphous

Crystal structure

A substance that retains certain liquid characteristics, even at a temperature at which it appears to be a solid

Supercooled liquid

Is formed when high-energy electromagnetic waves bend around a crystal

Diffraction pattern

Energy of motion

Kinetic energy

Energy of position

Potential energy

Gradual mixing of two gases due to spontaneous, random motion

Diffusion

Random movement of microscopic particles resulting from collisions with molecules

Brownian motion

Collisions in which particles do not lose energy

Elastic

Total kinetic energy of all the molecules of a substance

Heat

SI unit of measurement of heat

Joule

Average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance

Temperature

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance 1 degree Celsius

Heat capacity

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1.0 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius

Specific heat

Additional heat required to melt a substance at its melting point

Heat of fusion

Additional energy required to vaporize a substance at its boiling point

Heat of vaporization

Pressure of a gas in a state of equilibrium with its liquid

Equilibrium vapor pressure

SI unit of measurement for pressure

Pascal

Molecules force of attraction for other molecules within the same substance

Cohesion

a liquid's resistance to flow

Viscosity

A solid consisting of particles arranged in an orderly, repeating, geometric pattern

Crystal

Process used to examine the crystal structure of a solid

X-ray diffraction

One of the different forms of a polymorphous crystalline

Allotrope

A type of solid in which the particles have no crystal structure

Amorphous

A type of solid in which the particles occur in more than one crystal pattern

Polymorphous

movement of a liquid up or down a tube because of adhesion

Capillarity

Attraction between molecules of two substances in contact with each other

Adhesion

A process by which gas particles pass through a tiny opening

Effusion

Gases are composed of independent _________. Gas molecules move rapidly, randomly, and constantly in straight-line paths in any direction

molecules

___ molecules frequently collide and change direction. Gas molecules do not interact except during collisions

Gas

The _______ kinetic energy of the molecules of a gas is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature of the gas

Average

exothermic

Giving off of heat

endothermic

Gaining of heat

A liquid __________ because its molecules strike its surface with sufficient force and at the proper angle to overcame the forces that hold them in the liquid phase

Evaporates

Exists when two opposing chemical or physical changes occur at equal rates in a closed system

Equilibrium

Viscosity, which is affected by temperature, is caused by ________ forces within a liquid

Cohesive

Represents the *absolute temperature*, and its degrees are always expressed as *positive* numbers

Kelvin scale

PV=k

Boyle's law (formula)

V/T=k

Charles' law (formula)

P/T=k

Gay-Lussac's law (formula)

PV/T=k

Combined gas law (formula)

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3...

Dalton's law of partial pressures (formula)

V=kn

Avogadro's principle (formula)

PV=nRT

Ideal gas law (formula)

RA/RB=sqrt(MB)/sqrt(MA)

Graham's law of effusion/diffusion (formula)