Blood Cells and Vessels

compact

__ bone is on the outside

cancellous/spongy

__ bone lines marrow space

bone marrow

the source of all blood

blood vessels (lots and lots)

red marrow

yellow marrow

hematopoietic cells

contents of bone marrow

red marrow (hematopoetic)

marrow where lots of blood cells are formed

yellow marrow

marrow that contains mostly fat

hematopoetic stem cells

give rise to all blood cells

sinusoidal capillaries

newly formed blood cells penetrate these to enter circulation. all the blood vessels and bone marrow vessels have large spaces to push cells into them

plasma + blood cells + platelets

blood =

blood

• delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells

• transports metabolic waste products away

• regulates body temperature

• maintains balance of bodily fluids

• acts as pathway for migration of WBCs

organic compounds

electrolytes

90% water

9% protein (albumin, globulins, clotting factors, plasma lipoproteins)

1% everything else

contents of plasma

yellowish fluid (appears yellow w/o blood)

appearance of plasma

plasma

what makes up the bulk of blood?

albumin (bulk of proteins)

globulins (immune and non-immune, antibodies and non-antibodies)

clotting factors

plasma lipoproteins

what proteins make up plasma?

albumin

>50% of all plasma protein

liver

albumin is made in the

albumin

regulates concentration gradient between blood and extracellular fluid (colloid osmotic pressure)

albumin

does not readily move through normal capillary pores, while water and smaller biologic structures move freely

albumin

sodium is highly attracted to this, and they help maintain COP (colloid osmotic pressure)

by attracting water into the intravascular space

plasma

all body fluids are derived from

plasma

interstitial fluid of connective tissues is derived from

serum

plasma without clotting factors

plasma

brings in clean fluid and takes out dirty fluid

giemsa

good stain for blood cells

bone marrow

all blood cells are produced in

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

produced through erythropoietin stimulation in the bone marrow

• progenitor → reticulocyte → mature RBC

• 2 million new cells/sec

• 120 day life span

• after maturation, they don’t grow, divide, or make new proteins (anucleate)

• they die in the spleen

how are erythrocytes formed

O2

(they need more erythropoetic cells to produce RBC to carry O2)

what would someone who lives at higher elevations need more of?

disc shape creates large surface area

what allows red blood cells to maximize O2 carrying ability?

• contains haemoglobin (special pigment that combines/carries oxygen)

• no nucleus (more space for haemoglobin and oxygen)

• disc-shaped

• large surface area compared to volume

features of red blood cell

hemoglobin

carries O2 in red blood cells

myoglobin

carries O2 in muscle

2 alpha chain genes

2 gamma chain genes

1 beta chain gene

1 delta chain gene

each chromosome contains how many of each chain gene?

HbA1 (96%)

HbA2 (3%)

HbF (<1%)

types of hemoglobin in adults

HbF (later becomes HbA1 ad HbA2)

type of hemoglobin in infants

2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains

HbA1 =

2 alpha chains + 2 delta chains

HbA2 =

2 alpha chains + 2 gamma chains

HbF =

4

each hemoglobin molecule has how many heme groups?

1:1

heme contains Fe2+ which binds oxygen in which ratio?

oxygenated, deoxygenated

blood is bright red when Hb is __, dark red when Hb is __

leukocytes

what are white blood cells called?

4500-11000 per mm³ blood

general normal range of leukocytes in blood

lysosomes

and different substances based on cell type

non-specific (azurophilic) granules that are contained in WBC

non-specific (azurophilic) granules

granulocytes (polymorphonuclear cells)

agranulocytes (B cells and T cells)

contents of leukocytes

neutrophils (most abundant)

eosinophils

basophils (least abundant)

granulocytes contained in leukocytes

lymphocytes

monocytes

agranulocytes contained in leukocytes

• 40-70% of all WBCs

• most critical cells of acute inflammatory response

• phagocytic

• azurophilic (primary) granules contain myeloperoxidase

• specific (secondary) and gelatinase (tertiary) granules

• has a horseshoe-shaped tri-lobed nucleus (3 lumps)

neutrophils

killer protein that destroys bacterial organisms

myeloperoxidase

leukemia

cancer caused by overproduction of neutrophils

promyelocyte (azurophilic) → myelocyte (specific) → metamyelocyte (gelatinase) → neutrophil (secretory)

stages of granulocyte development

promyelocyte

granulocyte development: ROS (reactive oxygen specieis) and killing within phagosomes

myelocyte

granulocyte development: intracellular and extracellular killing

metamyelocyte

granulocyte development: migration and extravasation

neutrophil

granulocyte development: adherence

myeloperoxidase

this is contained in all stages of neutrophil, even the immature stages

• <4% of WBCs

• bilobed nucleus

• released in response to allergic rxns, parasitic infections

• azurophilic granules contain hydrolytic enzymes

• specific granules contain crystalloid bodies

eosinophils

bright red appearance

appearance of azurophilic granules

• <1% of all WBCs

• function similar to mast cells (important in initial rxns)

• hypersensitive rxns and inflammation

• azurophilic granules contain hydrolytic enzymes

• specific granules contain heparin, histamine

basophils

blue ish purple ish

appearance of basophiles

• 30-40% of all WBCs

• similar to size of RBC

• can develop outside of bone marrow

• not terminally differentiated

• only blood cell that can exit and re-enter circulation

• B-cells, T-cells, NK-cells

lymphocytes

thymus gland

T lymphocytes mature in the

T lymphocytes

• long life span

• cell-mediated immunity (T-cells trigger allergic rxn)

• sub0classified as CD4 and/or CD8 (on cell surface)

secondary lymphoid organs

B lymphocytes mature in the

B lymphocytes

• can further differentiate in plasma cells which produce antibodies

• express CD20 on cell surface

natural killer (NK) cells

• programmed to kill virus-infection and tumor cells

• secrete interferon gamma

plasma cell (antibody secreting cell)

after appropriate activation the B cell differentiates into

monocytes

• precursors to macrophages

• mononuclear phagocytic system

• largest WBC in circulation

• differentiate into macrophages and antigen-presenting cells after exiting circulation

megakaryocyte

largest blood cell in the bone marrow itself

platelets (thrombocytes)

first response to the wound that aggregate to the wound site to stop the bleeding

• thrombocytes (platelets)

• anucleate cytoplasmic fragments

• derived from megakaryocytes

• function in coagulation and tissue repair

megakaryocytes

grow and die in bone barrow. as they die/disentigrate, their cytoplasm becomes our platelets

are not (they’re cytoplasmic fragments)

platelets (are/are not) cells

hematocrit

ratio of red cells against the entire volume of blood

leukocytes and platelets

buffy coat is made up of

anemia

low hematocrit

RBC overproduction

high hematocrit

leukocytosis

high WBCs

leukopenia

low WBCs

neutropenia (susceptible to infection)

low neutrophils

eosinophila

high eosinophils

thrombrocytosis

high platelets

thrombocytopenia (spontaneous bleeding)

low platelets

leukemia

cancer of WBCs or cancer of granulocytes

mass

bump

lymphoma

cancer of lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells)

cancer of plasma cells

spots on skull

arterties

carry blood away from the heart

veins

carry blood to the heart

arteries and veins

two types of blood vessels

arteries

carry oxygenated blood (except in the heart)

veins

carry deoxygenated blood (except in the heart)

specialized simple squamous epithelium

all blood vessels are lined with

vascular endothelium

• maintains a selectively permeable barrier

• synthesizes growth factors and mediators

• modulates blood flow and vascular resistance

• regulates immune and inflammatory responses

• metabolism of low density and very low density lipoproteins

• modified LDLs taken up by macrophages to form foam cells

  • accumulation of foam cells leads to atheromatous plaques leading to atherosclerosis

vascular endothelium

60,000 miles of blood vessels

simple diffusion

transcellular transport

paracellular transport

receptor-mediated endocytosis

types of transport by the vascular endothelium

ensures blood vessels remain intact

the vascular endothelium maintains a non-thrombogenic barrier which

tube

all blood vessels have a __ shape

tunica intima

tunica media

tunica adventitia

3 tissue layers of large blood vessels

tunica intima

endothelium tissue layer that forms the internal elastic membrane in arteries