Tri 3 History Final (Stack)

genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group. It involves various methods, including mass killings, inflicting serious bodily or mental harm, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children to another group, all with the intent to destroy the group's existence. The term was coined in 1944 by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish lawyer, and was later codified in the 1948 UN Genocide Convention.

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

Committee responsible for rooting out communists in American Government and Society. was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and organizations suspected of having Communist ties,

Civil Rights Act of 1968

a law that banned discrimination in housing.

Richard Nixon

37th president of the united states (1969-1974) (republican). He resigned from his presidency due to the Watergate Scandal in 1974, he was almost impeached. Launched revenue sharing, New Federalism, and also dealt with Stagflation.

New Federalism

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states & local governments. A political philosophy of devolution, where the national government returns greater authority and responsibilities back to state and local governments. It emphasizes reducing the size and influence

Montgomery Bus Boycott

During the Korean War, he was commander of Allied Forces in the South Pacific during World War II and of UN forces in Korea. Truman told him to only use Korean forces in case China got involved. However MacArthur did not follow orders and sent US, British and Korean forces to fight. The Chinese responded heavily and the troops were pushed back to the 38th parallel. Truman was extremely upset and dismissed MacArthur.

GI Bill of Rights

Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education, it provided benefits to returning World War II veterans, this included low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, cash payments of tuition to attend college or trade schools, as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It helped the veterans reintegrate into society, as well as boosted the American economy post-war.

Black Panthers

black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest. They advocated for Black empowerment and self-defense, often employing confrontational tactics. The Panthers believed that violence was sometimes necessary to achieve justice and equality. They are known for their revolutionary rhetoric, black nationalist ideology, and community programs. The Black Panthers also ran programs that gave back to the community.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. He opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. he championed the use of nonviolent resistance to combat racial segregation and discrimination. Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, King organized numerous peaceful protests, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington, where he delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. His efforts led to significant legislative achievements, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his work towards racial equality and social justice. He was assassinated in 1968, but his legacy continues to inspire movements for peace and equality worldwide

revenue sharing

federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states. efers to the distribution of a portion of federal tax revenues to state and local governments. This system is designed to provide states with greater flexibility in addressing their specific needs and priorities, as they can use the funds with fewer federal restrictions. It aims to reduce the fiscal disparities among states and promote a more balanced distribution of resources across the nation.

Suburbia

The residential districts or suburbs outside the boundaries of a city or town. Dramatically increased in size after WW2. The residential districts or communities located on the outskirts of cities experienced dramatic growth after World War II. This expansion was fueled by increased automobile ownership, the growth of highways, and federal policies such as the GI Bill, which provided affordable housing for veterans. Suburbia is characterized by single-family homes, larger lot sizes, and a greater emphasis on community and family life.

Consumerism

A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods. a cultural and economic phenomenon characterized by a strong emphasis on the purchase and consumption of goods and services. It is driven by the belief that personal happiness and well-being can be enhanced through the acquisition of material possessions. Consumerism plays a significant role in modern economies, influencing production, marketing, and individual lifestyles. It has both positive and negative aspects, including economic growth

freedom riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation. a group of civil rights activists who, in 1961, launched a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals. These terminals, while deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, remained segregated in practice. The Freedom Riders, both black and white, aimed to challenge this status quo by using "white" and "colored" restrooms and lunch counters along their routes.

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment and high inflation

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Gerald Ford

38th president pardoned Nixon and followed after Nixon, was a weak leader (1974-1977) (republican). He pardoned Nixon, a controversial decision that aimed to heal the nation but was met with criticism. Ford faced economic challenges such as inflation and unemployment, and he struggled to maintain a strong leadership image. He attempted to improve relations with the Soviet Union through arms control talks.

Jimmy Carter

39th U.S. President. 1977-1981. Democratic (was a peanut farmer, but sold his farm when he got elected.) presidency focused on energy conservation, human rights, and efforts to bring peace to the Middle East, such as the Camp David Accords. He faced economic challenges, including inflation and an energy crisis, which impacted his popularity.

entitlement program

Programs such as unemployment insurance, disaster relief, or disability payments that provide benefits to all eligible citizens. hese are government-sponsored programs that guarantee specific benefits to individuals or groups who meet eligibility requirements set by law. In the United States, major examples include Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid. These programs are designed to provide a safety net, offering income support, healthcare, and other essential services to eligible citizens, particularly during periods of unemployment, disability, or old age. Eligibility criteria and benefit levels are typically defined by legislation.

McCarthyism

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism (quite often without proof). practice of making accusations of subversion or treason, especially when related to communism, without any proper regard for evidence. It is named after U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican from Wisconsin, who played a prominent role during the period known as the Second Red Scare in the late 1940s and 1950s. McCarthy and others often used sensational and unproven claims to attack individuals, particularly those in government, entertainment, and academia, creating a climate of fear and suspicion. It is remembered and criticized for its suppression of civil

Voting Rights Act of 1965

got rid of tests or rules to deny the vote. outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S. It banned the use of literacy tests, provided for federal oversight of voter registration in areas with a history of discrimination, and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to investigate the use of poll taxes in state and local elections. The Act led to a significant increase in African American voter registration and participation, transforming the political landscape of the South and empowering black communities across the nation.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes. a political philosophy that emphasizes the importance of tradition, individual responsibility, limited government, and free markets. It generally supports the preservation of existing social institutions and values, with a preference for gradual change over radical transformations. Conservatives often advocate for fiscal prudence, lower taxes, and a strong national defense. Key tenets include a belief in personal freedom within a framework of moral order, respect for the rule of law, and the promotion of individual initiative and enterprise.

Star Wars Program

The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), was a program first initiated on March 23, 1983 under President Ronald Reagan. The intent of this program was to develop a sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system in order to prevent missile attacks from other countries, specifically the Soviet Union.

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to fix discrimination against women and minority groups through laws and plans to improve their economic and educational opportunities.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved the relationship with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. (U.S loved him)

Perestroika

A policy begun by Mikhail Gorbachev that moved communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Counterculture

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

La Raza Unida

A political party organized in the late 1960s to get Mexican Americans to unite politically and to identify ethnically as one people.

Cesar Chavez

Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

AIM (American Indian Movement)

A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans.

ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam)

the southern Vietnamese soldiers who fought WITH U.S. troops against communist north Vietnam

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation becomes Communist , then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making about the Vietnam War

election of 1968

The election in which Nixon won; conservative republican victory

Body Count

In Amerca's ground war in Vietnam, success was measured by body count. If more enemies died than Amercan soldiers, the Amercans' search and destroy mission was considered a success.

War Powers Act

Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.

draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

William Westmoreland

American commander in South Vietnam who continued to request more troops

Separate but equal

Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.

Malcolm X

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965. Civil rights activist.

de jure segregation

Racial segregation that is required by law

beat movement

a social and artistic movement of the 1950's stressing unrestrained literary self expression and nonconformity with the mainstream culture

End of WWII

September 2, 1945

Robert Kennedy

He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

President John F Kennedy

president during, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War.

hot line

direct telephone line between the White House and the Kremlin set up after the Cuban missile crisis

peace corps

an agency established in 1961 to provide volunteer assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Warren Commission

committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older; LBJ signed into law 1965

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

new frontier

Kennedy's plan: supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wants to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military

space race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Lyndon B. Johnson

36th U.S. President. 1963-1969. Democratic (After JFK was assassinated.)

Great Society

President Johnson's reform program, In 1965, Congress passed many of its measures including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education. Declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Causes of WWII 1939-1945

Great Depression; emergence of the Nazi party; Treaty of Versailles; War Guilt Clause; Reparations; German Disarmament/demilitarized; Territorial losses from Germany; Hitler's Actions: built up military, made alliances, expansionist; Failure of Appeasement; Invasion of Poland; Failure of the League of Nations; Emergence of Fascism

Lend-Lease Act

The laws passed by the U.S. allowing us to give aid to our Allies in early WWII

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

WAAC (Women's Army Auxiliary Corps)

The acronym for the women's organization that volunteered during the war. Many of them served as nurses, Radio operators, drivers, etc.

Battle of the Atlantic

Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945 (Allies won)

George Marshall

US General, created plan for rebuilding Europe (Marshall plan)

President Truman

created the Truman doctrine, refused atomic bombing on Korea, integrated the military

Internment Camps

Used to hold Japanese-American citizens due to fear of spies and saboteurs during WWII

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. (we took it back, huge victory for the allies)

VE Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Atomic Bomb

a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the U.S)

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

an agency established by Congress to control inflation during World War II

nisei

A Japanese American whose parents were born in Japan

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Result of Korean War

Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel. North Korea- Communist. South Korea- Democratic

U-2 Incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.