A&P1: Mod 1

anatomy

study of structure and form

physiology

study of function of the body parts

microscopic anatomy

examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye

main divisions of microscopic anatomy

cytology and histology

cytology

study of body cells and their internal structure

histology

study of body tissues

growth

organisms assimilate materials from environment and exhibit increased size

development

increased specialization as related to form & function

chemical level

simplest level of organization; involves atoms and molecules

atoms

smallest units of matter that exhibit characteristics of an element

molecule

two or more atoms combined

four classes of macromolecules

proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, lipids

organelles

microscopic structures found within cells

cellular

consists of cells

cells

smallest living structures

tissues

groups of similar cells that perform common functions

organ

contains two or more tissues that work together to form specific complex functions

organ system

contains multiple related organs that work together to achieve a common function

What must organisms do to remain alive and healthy?

exchange nutrients, wastes, and gases with environment

How do simple organisms exchange substances to remain alive and healthy?

directly across surface cell boundaries

How do complex organisms exchange substances to remain alive and healthy?

they require organ systems to perform activities required for events of life

anatomic position

stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor; upper limbs are at sides of the body, palms face toward the front; head is level, eyes look forward

section

an actual cut/slice to expose internal anatomy

plane

imaginary flat surface passing through the body

coronal plane

divides into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

transverse plane

divides into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)

midsagittal plane

divides into right and left

anterior

in front of; toward the front surface

posterior

in back of; toward the back surface

dorsal

toward the back side of the human body

ventral

toward the belly side of the human body

superior

closer to the head

inferior

closer to the feet

cranial (cephalic)

toward the head end

caudal

toward the rear or tail end

rostral

toward the nose or mouth

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

ipsilateral

on the same side

contralateral

on the opposite side

deep

closer to the inside, internal to another structure

superficial

closer to the outside, external to another structure

proximal

closer to point of attachment to trunk

distal

farther away from point of attachment to trunk

supine

lying down, face upward

two main regions of human body

axial, appendicular

axial region

includes head, neck, trunk; forms main vertical axis of the body

appendicular region

composed of upper and lower limbs which attach to the axial region

The posterior aspect of the body contains which cavities?

cranial and vertebral

cranial cavity

formed by bones of the cranium

vertebral cavity

formed by bones of the vertebral column

Serous membranes are made up of which type of layers?

parietal and visceral

parietal layer

layer that typically lines the internal surface of the body wall

visceral layer

layer that covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity

mediastinum

found in thoracic cavity; median space between the lungs

receptor

body structure that detects a stimulus; used in homeostasis

three components of homeostasis

receptor, control center, effector

abdominal

region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones

antebrachial

forearm (portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist)

antecubital

region anterior to the elbow; also known as cubital region

auricular

visible structures of the ear

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow

buccal

cheek

calcaneal

heel of foot

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

cranial

skull

crural

leg (portion of lower limb between the knee and ankle)

deltoid

shoulder

digital

toes or fingers

dorsal/dorsum

back

facial

face

femoral

thigh

fibular

lateral aspect of the leg

frontal

forehead

gluteal

buttock

hallux

great toe

hip

lateral region between trunk and thigh

inguinal

groin

lumbar

“small of the back”; the inferior part between the ribs and pelvis

mammary

breast

manus

hand

mental

chin

nasal

nose

occipital

posterior aspect of head

olecranal

posterior aspect of elbow

oral

mouth

orbital

eye

palmar

palm (anterior surface of hand)

patellar

kneecap

pectoral

chest; includes mammary region

pelvic

pelvis; region inferior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones

perineal

diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs

pes

foot

plantar

sole of foot

pollex

thumb

popliteal

area posterior to the knee

pubic

anterior region of the pelvis