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unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid w unsaturated carbon chain (double bond between carbons in the chain), usually liquid, plants and fish
saturated fatty acid
fatty acid w fully saturated carbon chain (no double bonds), solid at room temp, animals
glycerol
C3H8O3, lipid monomer that links other lipids, usually fatty acid chains
protein monomer
amino acids, have amino and carboxyl groups and R functional group (determines function)
carbohydrate monomer
monosaccharide
nucleic acid monomers
nucleotides, phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base
lipid functions
barriers (cell membranes), energy storage
carbohydrate basic formula
(CH2O)n
carbohydrate functions
energy storage, structural support
phospholipid
lipid monomer type, negative charged phosphate head, two nonpolar fatty acid chains, amphipathic (diff spots are polar vs nonpolar)
polarity of water =
unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial pos charge in hydrogens and partial neg in oxygen, hydrogen bonding with other charged molecules
cohesion
same types of molecules bind together (usually weaker bonds)
adhesion
different types of molecules bind (stick) together (usually weaker bonds)
surface tension
air is less dense and nonpolar, less binding to water molecules, more binding cohesion, water sticks together and resists force
capillary action
adhesion to the sides of the container and cohesion to adject water molecules allow water to climb against gravity, thinner tube goes higher (pressure differential encourages climb)
specific heat
amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of the substance to change temp by 1 deg C
specific heat of water is high bc...
hydrogen bonds between molecules take energy to break, in order to heat water (move molecules faster) those bonds need to be broken
bc specific heat of water is ..., it is good for...
high, cooling and regulating internal temps (resists temp change)
breaking hydrogen bonds ... energy
requires/absorbs (endo)
making hydrogen bonds... energy
gives off/releases (exo)
water ... when freezing bc...
expands, molecules orient themselves in matrix position that is more spread out to balance charges
hydration shells
water molecules gathered around a charged particles after dissolving it, all molecules should be oriented specifically
acids
increase H+ or H3O+ (hydronium) concentration
bases
increase OH- concentration (decrease H+)
bufferes
stabilize pH by minimizing effects of strong acids and bases
standard deviation
how much data points differ from the mean
x bar =
mean
n =
number of data points
higher standard deviation...
lower reliability
standard error
represents uncertainty, sample size and variability (smaller standard error, more likely mean is accurate generalization)
error bars
usually 2SEM, show the standard error, overlap = no statistical significance
hydroxyl
OH, polar, makes hydrophilic
amino
-NH2, often in bases, in amino acids with carboxyl
carboxyl
-COOH, carboxylic acid group (dissociates into acid in water), in amino acids with amino
methyl
-CH3, nonpolar, binds to cytosine to promote gene expression
euchromatin
open, methylated DNA
heterochromatin
closed, wrapped around histones, unmethylated
phosphate
-PO4 2-, negative charge = hydrophilic, in phospholipids and nucleotides
sulfhydryl
-SH, crosslinked molecules, when bound S-S
carbohydrate bond
glycosidic bond
disaccharides
2 bonded monosaccs, maltose, sucrose, lactose
polysaccharides
staches, glycogen, cellulose - long term energy storage and structure
cellulose
plant cell walls
peptidoglycan
bacterial cell walls
chitin
fungal cell walls, arthropod exoskeletons
lipid bond
ester bond
hydrogenation
artificially adding hydrogen to carbon chains in fats to saturate them
endomembrane system pathway
synthesize protein in ER, go inside ER, vesicle to golgi, absorbed thru cis face, packaging and tagging, exit thru trans face, vesicle to membrane (fuse w membranes along the way)
smooth ER
manufactures and replenishes the lipids (phospholipids mostly) consumed in the cell
cholesterol
animal sterol, produced in liver, stabilizes membrane
testosterone and estradiol
hormones (steroids), 4 ring structure
protein based hormones
bind to receptors on cell membrane, don't acc enter, trigger internal signalling
lipid based hormones
because membrane also lipid, can enter the cell itself, trigger signaling once inside of the cell
waxes
lipids, alcohol chain and fatty acid chain, insulate from water loss
protein functions
literally everything, cell functions, catalysts (enzymes), cell communication, structure (histones, cytoskeleton?), transport (motor proteins)
protein synthesis location
ribosomes, proteins the will be in the cytosol synthesized in free ribosomes, proteins secreted or in plasma membrane synthesized in bound ribosomes (er)
protein function determined by...
sequence of amino acids and R group interactions (20 diff R groups)
protein bond
peptide bonds
genetic code
triplet code of codons and which amino acids they relate to
primary protein structure
linear, chain of amino acids
secondary protein stucture
hydrogen bonding between near R groups, alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
tertiary protein structure
3D shape stabilized by R group interactions, hydrophobic, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, folded into shape, for some proteins final
quaternary protein structure
association of multiple peptides (multiple subunits), usually weaker bonds, only some proteins
denaturation
protein unraveling (degrading) due to change of environment (temp, pH, etc)
2 types of nucleic acids
DNA (deoxy), RNA (ribo)
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil (t in rna), single rings
purines
adenine, guanine, double rings, larger
nucleic acid bonds across the helix
A - T (2 h bonds) G - C (3 h bonds)
nucleotide bonds
phosphodiester bonds
antiparallel orientation
sides of double helix run in opp directions, count from carbon bound to base clockwise
5 things all cells share
cell membrane, genetic material, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cytosol
cytoskeleton
support and mobility, microtubules (thick) microfilaments (thin), cilia and flagella, motor protein highway
golgi apparatus
enter the cis face, out the trans face, transport vesicles and motor proteins carry, golgi gives chemical tags
free ribosome
makes proteins that stay in the cytosol
bound ribosomes
make proteins that go to plasma membrane and outside of cell
phagocytosis
lysosomes break down invasive particles, food vacuoles with hydrolytic enzymes
autophagy
lysosomes break down old parts from the cell itself
amphipathic
have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
functions of membrane proteins
transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to extracellular matrix
passive transport
transport across the cell membrane with the concentration gradient, no energy required (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion)
active transport
transport across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient, requires cell energy as ATP (endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium pump)
dynamic equilibrium
the state in which a substance is evenly dispersed and movement is uniform
selective permeability in the cell membrane
smaller, nonpolar molecules diffuse through faster than larger, polar molecules; certain molecules can go thru and others can't
facilitated diffusion
passive transport with transport protein channel (bind loosely to molecule, carry it thu) (aquaporins)