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unsaturated fatty acid

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139 Terms
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unsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid w unsaturated carbon chain (double bond between carbons in the chain), usually liquid, plants and fish

<p>fatty acid w unsaturated carbon chain (double bond between carbons in the chain), usually liquid, plants and fish</p>
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saturated fatty acid

fatty acid w fully saturated carbon chain (no double bonds), solid at room temp, animals

<p>fatty acid w fully saturated carbon chain (no double bonds), solid at room temp, animals</p>
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glycerol

C3H8O3, lipid monomer that links other lipids, usually fatty acid chains

<p>C3H8O3, lipid monomer that links other lipids, usually fatty acid chains</p>
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protein monomer

amino acids, have amino and carboxyl groups and R functional group (determines function)

<p>amino acids, have amino and carboxyl groups and R functional group (determines function)</p>
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carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharide

<p>monosaccharide</p>
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nucleic acid monomers

nucleotides, phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base

<p>nucleotides, phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base</p>
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lipid functions

barriers (cell membranes), energy storage

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carbohydrate basic formula

(CH2O)n

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carbohydrate functions

energy storage, structural support

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phospholipid

lipid monomer type, negative charged phosphate head, two nonpolar fatty acid chains, amphipathic (diff spots are polar vs nonpolar)

<p>lipid monomer type, negative charged phosphate head, two nonpolar fatty acid chains, amphipathic (diff spots are polar vs nonpolar)</p>
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polarity of water =

unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial pos charge in hydrogens and partial neg in oxygen, hydrogen bonding with other charged molecules

<p>unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial pos charge in hydrogens and partial neg in oxygen, hydrogen bonding with other charged molecules</p>
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cohesion

same types of molecules bind together (usually weaker bonds)

<p>same types of molecules bind together (usually weaker bonds)</p>
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adhesion

different types of molecules bind (stick) together (usually weaker bonds)

<p>different types of molecules bind (stick) together (usually weaker bonds)</p>
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surface tension

air is less dense and nonpolar, less binding to water molecules, more binding cohesion, water sticks together and resists force

<p>air is less dense and nonpolar, less binding to water molecules, more binding cohesion, water sticks together and resists force</p>
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capillary action

adhesion to the sides of the container and cohesion to adject water molecules allow water to climb against gravity, thinner tube goes higher (pressure differential encourages climb)

<p>adhesion to the sides of the container and cohesion to adject water molecules allow water to climb against gravity, thinner tube goes higher (pressure differential encourages climb)</p>
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specific heat

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of the substance to change temp by 1 deg C

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specific heat of water is high bc...

hydrogen bonds between molecules take energy to break, in order to heat water (move molecules faster) those bonds need to be broken

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bc specific heat of water is ..., it is good for...

high, cooling and regulating internal temps (resists temp change)

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breaking hydrogen bonds ... energy

requires/absorbs (endo)

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making hydrogen bonds... energy

gives off/releases (exo)

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water ... when freezing bc...

expands, molecules orient themselves in matrix position that is more spread out to balance charges

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hydration shells

water molecules gathered around a charged particles after dissolving it, all molecules should be oriented specifically

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acids

increase H+ or H3O+ (hydronium) concentration

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bases

increase OH- concentration (decrease H+)

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bufferes

stabilize pH by minimizing effects of strong acids and bases

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standard deviation

how much data points differ from the mean

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x bar =

mean

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n =

number of data points

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higher standard deviation...

lower reliability

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standard error

represents uncertainty, sample size and variability (smaller standard error, more likely mean is accurate generalization)

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error bars

usually 2SEM, show the standard error, overlap = no statistical significance

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hydroxyl

OH, polar, makes hydrophilic

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amino

-NH2, often in bases, in amino acids with carboxyl

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carboxyl

-COOH, carboxylic acid group (dissociates into acid in water), in amino acids with amino

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methyl

-CH3, nonpolar, binds to cytosine to promote gene expression

<p>-CH3, nonpolar, binds to cytosine to promote gene expression</p>
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euchromatin

open, methylated DNA

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heterochromatin

closed, wrapped around histones, unmethylated

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phosphate

-PO4 2-, negative charge = hydrophilic, in phospholipids and nucleotides

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sulfhydryl

-SH, crosslinked molecules, when bound S-S

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carbohydrate bond

glycosidic bond

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disaccharides

2 bonded monosaccs, maltose, sucrose, lactose

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polysaccharides

staches, glycogen, cellulose - long term energy storage and structure

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cellulose

plant cell walls

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peptidoglycan

bacterial cell walls

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chitin

fungal cell walls, arthropod exoskeletons

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lipid bond

ester bond

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hydrogenation

artificially adding hydrogen to carbon chains in fats to saturate them

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endomembrane system pathway

synthesize protein in ER, go inside ER, vesicle to golgi, absorbed thru cis face, packaging and tagging, exit thru trans face, vesicle to membrane (fuse w membranes along the way)

<p>synthesize protein in ER, go inside ER, vesicle to golgi, absorbed thru cis face, packaging and tagging, exit thru trans face, vesicle to membrane (fuse w membranes along the way)</p>
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smooth ER

manufactures and replenishes the lipids (phospholipids mostly) consumed in the cell

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cholesterol

animal sterol, produced in liver, stabilizes membrane

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testosterone and estradiol

hormones (steroids), 4 ring structure

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protein based hormones

bind to receptors on cell membrane, don't acc enter, trigger internal signalling

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lipid based hormones

because membrane also lipid, can enter the cell itself, trigger signaling once inside of the cell

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waxes

lipids, alcohol chain and fatty acid chain, insulate from water loss

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protein functions

literally everything, cell functions, catalysts (enzymes), cell communication, structure (histones, cytoskeleton?), transport (motor proteins)

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protein synthesis location

ribosomes, proteins the will be in the cytosol synthesized in free ribosomes, proteins secreted or in plasma membrane synthesized in bound ribosomes (er)

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protein function determined by...

sequence of amino acids and R group interactions (20 diff R groups)

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protein bond

peptide bonds

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genetic code

triplet code of codons and which amino acids they relate to

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primary protein structure

linear, chain of amino acids

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secondary protein stucture

hydrogen bonding between near R groups, alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

<p>hydrogen bonding between near R groups, alpha helices and beta pleated sheets</p>
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tertiary protein structure

3D shape stabilized by R group interactions, hydrophobic, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, folded into shape, for some proteins final

<p>3D shape stabilized by R group interactions, hydrophobic, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, folded into shape, for some proteins final</p>
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quaternary protein structure

association of multiple peptides (multiple subunits), usually weaker bonds, only some proteins

<p>association of multiple peptides (multiple subunits), usually weaker bonds, only some proteins</p>
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denaturation

protein unraveling (degrading) due to change of environment (temp, pH, etc)

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2 types of nucleic acids

DNA (deoxy), RNA (ribo)

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pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil (t in rna), single rings

<p>cytosine, thymine, uracil (t in rna), single rings</p>
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purines

adenine, guanine, double rings, larger

<p>adenine, guanine, double rings, larger</p>
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nucleic acid bonds across the helix

A - T (2 h bonds) G - C (3 h bonds)

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nucleotide bonds

phosphodiester bonds

<p>phosphodiester bonds</p>
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antiparallel orientation

sides of double helix run in opp directions, count from carbon bound to base clockwise

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5 things all cells share

cell membrane, genetic material, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cytosol

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cytoskeleton

support and mobility, microtubules (thick) microfilaments (thin), cilia and flagella, motor protein highway

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golgi apparatus

enter the cis face, out the trans face, transport vesicles and motor proteins carry, golgi gives chemical tags

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free ribosome

makes proteins that stay in the cytosol

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bound ribosomes

make proteins that go to plasma membrane and outside of cell

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phagocytosis

lysosomes break down invasive particles, food vacuoles with hydrolytic enzymes

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autophagy

lysosomes break down old parts from the cell itself

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amphipathic

have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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functions of membrane proteins

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to extracellular matrix

<p>transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to extracellular matrix</p>
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passive transport

transport across the cell membrane with the concentration gradient, no energy required (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion)

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active transport

transport across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient, requires cell energy as ATP (endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium pump)

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dynamic equilibrium

the state in which a substance is evenly dispersed and movement is uniform

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selective permeability in the cell membrane

smaller, nonpolar molecules diffuse through faster than larger, polar molecules; certain molecules can go thru and others can't

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facilitated diffusion

passive transport with transport protein channel (bind loosely to molecule, carry it thu) (aquaporins)

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