Gov Midterm

What was the original government system of the US?

articles of confederation

Which faction supported a stronger Federal government during the Constitutional Convention?

federalists

Who believed that man was wholly corrupt and needed a sovereign to give man his rights and take them away when necessary?

thomas Hobbes

Who believed that the powers of government needed to be separated in order to ensure good government and fight corruption?

charles de montesqieu

what monarch took over England in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution?

william of orange

What is the unofficial policy of the British Empire towards the American colonists that dictates that as long as the raw materials were being sent to the home country, then the colonists could govern themselves as they wished?

salutary neglect

Who believed that men were inherently good and that the social contract should be consented to?

John locke

When George Mason says: "We claim nothing but the liberty and privileges of Englishmen in the same degree, as if we had continued among our brethren in Great Britain.", what document is he referring to?

english bill of rights

it imposes limitations upon the power of the king

Magna Carta

what King of England was replaced after the Glorious Revolution?

king james the 2nd

what King was beheaded in the aftermath of the English Civil War?

king charles the 1st

what faction in the English Civil War were also called "The Roundheads"?

the parliamentarians

who was the leader of the revolutionary faction of the English Civil War?

oliver Cromwell

they had the power to raise an army, the power to regulate foreign affairs, and the power to coin money

confederation congress

Who instituted the doctrine of the "Divine Right of Kings" during the Protestant Reformation in England?

henry the 8th

what State representatives put forward the proposal for the structure of the government that included the provisions of proportionally represented bicameral Congress?

Virginia

Hierarchy of the US House of Representatives

Hierarchy of the US Senate

The direct "deputy" of the Speaker; the "leader" of the majority party in the HoR

House Majority Leader

they are almost always taken from the majority party, which means that they technically lead "the entire House"

speaker

they are to take direction from the Speaker who is the real leader, and keeps the legislative agenda on track

The Majority Leader

Elected by "Rank and File.” Sets the Legislative Agenda in the House. Works with the President if they are of the same party as the President is the real leader of the Party and government

Speaker of the House of Representatives

they convene and dismiss the House, appoint members to certain Committees, including the Committee Chairs, and Send bills to committees

speaker of the house of reps

the “true head” of the US Senate. They are the one responsible for the legislative agenda for the USS and have similar duties to the Speaker of the House. They convene and dismiss the Senate. appoint members to certain Committees, including the Committee Chairs. send bills to committees

Senate Majority Leader

their Role is to support the Minority Leader by ensuring party discipline, managing communication between party members, and helping to coordinate legislative strategy. They also work to gather votes and mobilize support for party positions on various issues

Senate Minority and Majority Whip

The leader of the opposition party that provides leadership to said party in a similar way to the Speaker and Majority leader. Also has a legislative agenda that is usually in opposition to that of the majority

House Minority Leader

Mainly responsible for counting heads and rounding up party members for votes. they occasionally stand in for the majority or minority leaders in their absence. Their job is to "whip" the "Rank and File" members into voting on certain pieces of legislation and ensuring the legislative agenda is executed competently

House Majority and Minority Whip

technically the President of the US Senate (USS), however, their only power is to be a tiebreaker in the case of a tie in the Senate

VP

they sign bills coming from the Senate and to issue the Oath of Office to new Senators

President

the stand-in for the Vice President when they are absent from the Senate. This is normally the case, as the VP has duties to the President that are of primary importance

President Pro Tempore

they have control over the opposition legislative agenda

Senate Minority Leader

They help Congress handle many bills more efficiently and ensures that legislation is well-informed before it reaches the floor for a vote

Committees in US Congress

How are committee chairmen and members appointed to a committee?

The parties recommend members to serve on Committees

what are the three committees

Standing Committees, Select Committees, and Joint Committees

permanent committees appointed by the Speaker of the House according to the rules of the House of Representatives

Standing Committees

temporary committees established by the rules of each chamber of Congress to address specific areas of legislative or oversight responsibility. Also appointed by Speaker of the House

Select Committees

what is the Term of office and election method for the US House

elections every 2 years. no term limits

what is the Term of office and election method for the Senate

elections every 2 years, but Senators have a 6 year term

how does an idea become a bill

they write a bill that must be voted on by the Congress and passed by the President into law

a way for the president to reject a bill passed by Congress, effectively nullifying

presidential veto

If the president disapproves of a bill, they can return it to Congress with a veto message explaining the reasons. Congress can override this veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, but this is difficult to achieve.

regular veto

If Congress adjourns within ten days of sending a bill to the president and the president does not sign it, the bill automatically fails.

Pocket Veto

How is a veto is overridden by the House and Senate?

Two-Thirds Majority and Separate Votes

it refers to an elected leader looking out for constituents while carrying out the duties of the office

representation

it considers whether or not the Congress represents the people or some other set of interests.

Collective Representation

what are the 3 parts of a bill and how a bill becomes a law

Title, Body, and Enacting Clause
1. Introduction
2. Committee Review
3. Floor Debate
4. Voting
5. Conference Committee
6. Final Vote
7. Presidential Action

they show how the public feels about representatives and senators. High ratings mean people like their work, while low ratings mean they're not satisfied.

Approval ratings

Leader of the country, enforces laws.

president of executive branch

Supports the President, steps in if needed.

VP of executive branch

Advisors who head departments

cabinet of executive branch

it Supports the President with various offices

Executive Office of the President

All the employees who help run government programs.

Federal Bureaucracy

Head specific departments (like Defense or Education). Advise the President and implement policies in their area.

Cabinet Secretaries

Handle specific tasks or issues (like the EPA for environmental protection). Enforce laws and regulations, provide services, and conduct research.

Federal Agencies

Manages the military and ensures national security.

Department of Defense

Enforces laws and handles legal affairs; includes the FBI.

Department of Justice

Promotes economic growth and job creation; manages trade and business.

Department of Commerce

Oversees energy production and nuclear safety.

Department of Energy

Manages public health, welfare, and health services.

Department of Health and Human Services

Oversees transportation systems and infrastructure.

Department of Transportation

Investigates and handles domestic crimes and security threats.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Gathers and analyzes foreign intelligence to help with national security.

Central Intelligence Agency

Monitors and protects U.S. communications and information systems.

National Security Agency

Protects the environment and enforces regulations related to air, water, and land.

Environmental Protection Agency

Enforces laws related to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives.

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

it says the President holds all executive power.

Vesting Clause

it says the President is in charge of the military.

Commander in Chief Clause

it says the President must ensure that laws are carried out properly.

Faithfully Executed Clause

it says the President can make treaties with other countries, but needs Senate approval.

Treaty Clause

it says the President can appoint officials, with Senate approval.

Appointments Clause

what are the requirements to be President

Must be at least 35 years old. Must be a natural-born citizen. Must have lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years.

what is the 4 step process to become the President

Eligibility, Primaries and Caucuses, National Convention, and General Election

what is the operation of the Electoral College?

Electors, Voting, Electoral Votes, and Winning

early UD foreign policy under President Washington

Neutrality, Avoiding Alliances, The Jay Treaty, and Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

This treaty with Britain aimed to resolve issues from the Revolutionary War and improve trade, helping maintain peace.

jay treaty

Washington declared that the U.S. would not take sides in European wars, reinforcing his neutral stance.

proclamation of neutrality

how did the French Revolution influenced events and decisions in the Washington administration

Neutrality Decision, Divided Opinions, Treaty with Britain, Political Tensions

President Lincoln suspended the right to challenge imprisonment, allowing for arrests without trial to maintain order.

suspension of habeas corpus

lincoln issued this order to free enslaved people in Confederate states, using his war powers to change the course of the conflict.

emancipation proclamation

The war started after Southern states seceded, prompting Lincoln to take strong actions to preserve the Union.

civil war outbreak

The Confederate attack on this federal fort marked the beginning of the war, leading Lincoln to call for troops and assert military authority.

fort Sumter

what occurred in the aftermath of Lincoln's death

Nation in Mourning, Andrew Johnson Becomes President, Reconstruction Begins

President Truman committed troops without a formal declaration of war, setting a precedent for military action without Congress.

korean war

The need for strong leadership in developing nuclear strategy gave the President more authority over defense and foreign policy decisions.

nuclear arms race

it was established to advise the President on security issues, centralizing decision-making power in the executive branch.

national security council

President Truman tried to seize steel mills during the Korean War to prevent a strike. The Court ruled that Truman overstepped his authority because he didn’t have Congressional approval, reinforcing limits on presidential power in domestic affairs.

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer

In response to the Vietnam War, Congress passed this law to limit the President’s ability to engage in military actions without approval. The Act requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops and limits military engagement to 60 days without Congressional authorization.

War Powers Act

One dominant power or superpower.

unipolarity

Two dominant powers or superpowers that shape international relations.

bipolarity

Multiple powerful states influencing global affairs.

multipolarity

what event lead to the Collapse of the Soviet Union

The Soviet economy was weak and inefficient

how did 9/11 change the Post-Cold War Order

we are now trying to fight terrorism

after being arrested and within 48 hours, the suspect must be brought before a judge and read the charge against him. what is this called

initial hearing

the finding or ruling of the supreme court after they have heard a case is called

arraignment

the case can only be heard by the Supreme Court w/out any prior proceedings in lower courts

original jurisdiction

the supreme court can review decisions made by lower courts

appellate jurisdiction

the official power to make legal decisions and judgments.

jurisdiction

Hears State related cases that deal with State law such as violent crimes, property cases, contract disputes, family law cases, etc. 

state courts

Hears cases that have to do with citizens of different states suing one another or if there is a “Federal question” present in the case.

federal courts

establishes a Supreme Court and allows Congress to establish “Inferior Courts” at will

constitution