Kines 380 from handwritten notes

Catalyst

lowers activation energy - allowing the process to happen faster

ATP-PCR

Anaerobic; short sprints, creatine kinase is catalyst

Glycolysis

1-5 min; phosphofructokinase is catalyst; breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP.

What is the end product in glycolysis

2 NADH, 2ATP; if started with glycogen 2NADH, 3ATP

Krebs cycle

pyruvate turns into acetyl-coa

What does ATP start with

glucose

What is the ATP-PcR end product

2 ATP

What does glycolysis start with

glycogen or glucose

what does the Krebs cycle start with

pyruvate

when does the Krebs cycle kick in

3-5+ min (marathon)

what is the rate limiting enzyme for the Krebs cycle

isocitratedehydronase

What is the end product of the Krebs cycle

2FADH, 2GTP, 6NADH

1 NADH is how many ATP

2.5

1 FADH is how many ATP

1.5 ATP

Lactate threshold

The exercise intensity at which lactate starts to accumulate in the blood faster than it can be removed,

High intensity athletes train at what lactate threshold (sprints, hockey, Anaerobic)

just above

Low intensity athletes train at what lactate threshold (marathons, long distance, aerobic)

below the lactate threshold.

When does lactate threshold occur

around 65-70% effort

Split of fats and carbs as fuel source

0.85

fats as a fuel source

0.7

carbs as a fuel source

1.0

Moderate intensity and UTRIs

lowest risk

High intensity and URTIs

higher risk of respiratory infections

sedentary and UTRIs

average risk for URTIs

100 mmhg oxygen hemoglobin saturation

100% saturation of hemoglobin in arteries

below 40 mmhg

75% drop off

40 mmhg

25% drop off

Bohr effect

A physiological phenomenon where an increase in carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH result in a reduction of hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen release to tissues.

high pH acidity does what to the oxygen hemoglobin disassociation curve

rightward shift increased hemoglobin affinity for oxygen

what does increased temp due to the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve

causes a rightward shift, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen and promoting oxygen release to tissues.

Daily recommendations for youth and physical activity

Guidelines suggest at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day, promoting overall health, fitness, and development.

recommendations for pregnant women and exercise

It is advised that pregnant women engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity each week, with adjustments based on individual health and comfort.

Benefits for pregnant women exercising

lower risk of gestational diabetes, better recovery post pregnancy, lower risk of psychological distress

Benefits for the baby

decreased fetal distress, decreased chance of birth defects, improved birth weight and health outcomes.

Female triad

outside stressors can lead to an eating disorder which can then lead to loss of a period and loss of bone mineral density (lost of a period and bone mineral density go together)

REDs

relative energy deficiency

what can happen with REDs

decreased strength, muscle mass, metabolic rate, bone health, and protein synthesis

Blood Doping

infusion of RBC’s to increase hemoglobin contraction and O2 carrying capacity of blood

what hormone stimulates RBC production

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Acclimation

days - weeks

Acclimatization

months - years

Enzymes

biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body by lowering the activation energy.

Stroke volume

amount of blood pumper per heart beat

What increases SV

Frank-starling method

What is the Frank-starling method

strength of cardiac contraction is increased by the volume of blood filling the heart (preload) prior to contraction, ultimately enhancing stroke volume.

what increases cardiac output

increased HR

EDV (end-diastolic-volume)

volume of blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of diastole, before it beings to contract during systole, influencing stroke volume.

Tidal Volume

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

Respiratory rate

number of breaths taken per minute, which affects total ventilation and gas exchange.

minute ventilation

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled from the lungs in one minute, calculated by multiplying tidal volume by respiratory rate.

lung capacity

the total amount of air the lungs can hold, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.

P-waves

atrial depolarization

QRS complex

ventricle depolarization

T-waves

ventricular repolarization

O2 deficit

amount if oxygen required to perform an exercise and meet intensity demand

what is EPOC

the volume of oxygen consumed above normal at rest

Does Aerobic exercise have longer or shorter EPOC

shorter

Does Anaerobic exercise have longer or shorter EPOC

longer

Radiation

transfer of heat via infrared rays

Conduction

heat loss due to contact with another surface

Convection

heat transferred to air or water

Evaporation

process of heat loss through the conversion of liquid to vapor

how does HR change during exercise

increases proportionally to intensity

how does SV change during exercise

increases initially particularly during low intensity activity but then decrease or plateaus at higher intensities

how does cardiac output change during exercise

increases significantly as heart rate and stroke volume rise to meet the demands of physical activity.

how does BP change during exercise

systolic increases linearly while diastolic remains relatively the same

how does a-vo2 difference change during exercise

increases during exercise as the muscles extract more oxygen from the blood to fuel activity.

phosphocreatine breakdown

ATP-Pcr, anaerobic pathway (short burts of exercise)

exercise recommendations for type 2 diabetes

low intensity, long duration

exercise recommendations for type 1 diabetes

high and low intensity

MVV

max voluntary volume (in one min)

what does MVV test

how much you can breath in and out within a minute during maximal effort, assessing respiratory function.

Ventilation

the process of moving air in and out of the lungs, vital for gas exchange and respiratory health.

FEV1

forces expiratory volume (in one min)

what does FEV1 test

how much air you can breath out in one min

What happens during exercise in a hot environment

The body increases ventilation rates, heart rate, and blood flow to cool down through sweating and enhanced heat dissipation.

what happens during exercise at high altitude

The body experiences reduced oxygen availability, leading to increased ventilation rates and heart rate as it attempts to maintain oxygen delivery to tissues.

what happens during exercise in cold environments

The body constricts blood vessels to reduce heat loss, increases metabolic rate for warmth, and shivers to generate heat while maintaining core temperature.

supplemental oxygen as a ergogenic aid

Supposedly enhances aerobic performance by increasing oxygen availability during exercise, improving endurance and reducing fatigue.

Creatine as a ergogenic aid

may enhance performance in high-intensity, short-duration activities by increasing phosphocreatine stores in muscles,

loading dose of creatine

20-25 g/day

maintenance dose of creatine

3-5 g/day

Physical activity epidemiology

the study of the distribution and dynamics of disease in a population for the purpose of identifying factors that affect this distribution and then modify these risk factors in order to decrease frequency of morbidity and mortality from disease

physical activity recommendations for older populations

medical clearance must be obtained, training principles similar to those of youth, be agate of overtraining and overuse, exercise plan should be individualized

Hyperplasia

increase in muscle fibers

hypertrophy

increase in muscle fiber size

dose response

giving proper exercise to fit the individuals needs

sarcopenia

age-related loss of muscle mass and strength (~50)

When does Vo2 start to decline

starting around age 30

at what rate does Vo2 decline at 30

about 1% per year thereafter

Muscle endurance

is the ability of a muscle to sustain repeated contractions over time without fatigue.

Muscle strength

the maximum amount of force a muscle can produce in a single effort.

placebo

is a substance with no therapeutic effect

Specificity

type of muscle being used during exercise

betaoxidation

fatty acid that turns into acetyl-coa which goes into the Krebs cycle

what best describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation

increases heart rate and stroke volume

which testing method does workload increase continuously but with small frequent increments (every few seconds)

ramped test

how is diabetes managed with exercise

acting as insulin and forcing glucose into cells

what is the main concern for individuals with diabetes during exercise

low blood sugar levels