Social motivation- Final exam review

Chapters 8-

The cognitive framework that guides attention, information processing, decision-making, and thinking about the meaning of effort, success, failure, and one’s own personal qualities is known as _____

Mindset

True or false: Personality differences can change based on the environment and how the environment influences our mindset.

True

Deliberative Mindset

An open-minded way of thinking to consider the desirability and feasibility of a range of possible goals that one might or might not pursue

Implemental Mindset

A postdecisional closed-minded way of thinking that considers only information related to goal attainment and shields against non-goal-related consideration

Promotion Mindset

A focus on advancing the self-toward ideals by adopting an eager locomoting behavioral strategy

Prevention mindset

A focus on preventing the self from not maintaining one’s duties and responsibilities by adopting a vigilant behavioral strategy

Growth Mindset

The belief that one’s personal qualities are malleable, changeable, and can be developed through effort

Fixed Mindset

The belief that one’s personal qualities are fixed, set, and not open to change

What are the two types of expectancy?

Efficacy and outcome

Efficacy expectation

A judgment of one’s capacity to execute a particular act or course of action

Outcome expectation

Expectation that one’s behavior will produce positive outcomes (or prevent negative outcomes)

“if I run a mile every day this week…” is an example of which type of expectation?

Efficacy

“Then I will lose 2 pounds” is an example of which type of expectation?

Outcome

The overall judgment about how well (or poorly) one will cope with a situation given the skill one possesses and the circumstance one faces is known as _____

Self-efficacy

Learned helplessness

When people expect that outcomes are independent of their behavior

“I just think I won’t be able to pass my exam” Is an example of ______ deficit

Motivational

In the dog experiment, the dogs did not even attempt to jump on the second phase of the study; they did not even care to learn the new circuit due to their previous experience on the first study. This is an example of ______ deficit

Learning

“Someone with autism might struggle to read facial expressions” is an example of _____ deficit

Emotional

An individual’s mental representation of themselves is the definition of ________

Self-concept

The cognitive generalizations about the self- that are domain-specific and learned from past experiences is the definition of_____

Self-schemas

What are the two ways in which self-schemas generate motivation?

They direct behavior in ways that elicit feedback consistent with the self-schema and they move the present self toward a desired future self

You were studying for an exam, and you got a C+ even though you were expecting an A+ so you start telling your friends that you got a C+ because the professor doesn’t know what he’s talking about and that you need to go to speak with him ASAP because it is unacceptable the grade you got. This is an examples of ______

Self-discrepancy feedback

Self- Regulation

The ability to monitor, manage, and direct the self in a meaningful way

Self-control

The ability to suppress, restrain, and override impulse desires

Imagine you're craving a piece of cake, but you're also trying to eat healthier. Instead of eating the cake right away, you decide to wait and have a nutritious meal first. Later, as a reward for sticking to your goal, you allow yourself a small treat. This is an example of :

Delayed gratification

True or false: Self- control is a skill that can be trained and practiced

True

______ are short-lived, feelings-purposive-expressive-bodily responses that help us adapt to the opportunities and challenges we face during important life events

Emotion

_______ believed that emotions sever a specific evolutionary purpose, are hardwired and automatic

Biological theorists

________ believed that emotions arise from the meaning given to situations

Cognitive theorists

How many basic emotions are there?

Seven

What are the seven basic emotions?

Anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness, and contempt

Appraisal

A cognitive process that evaluates the significance of events in terms of one’s well-being

How are appraisal events evaluated?

Valence, goal relevance, coping potential goal congruence, novelty and agency

______ is the reason a person uses to explain an important life outcome or vent

Attribution

“I succeed because of my outstanding effort” is an example of ____

Pride

“I lost a prized possession because my partner wasn’t careful” is an example of ______

Anger

“I succeeded because of the help from my teammates “ is an example of _____

Gratitude

“i was rejected because I am ugly” is an example of ____

Pity

“I hurt someone because I said something insensitive” is an example of ______

Guilt

“I do well in school because I’m always able to figure out” is an example of_____

Hope

When are emotions detrimental?

when they are situationally inappropriate, elicited at the wrong time, and have the wrong level of intensity

Sarah is able to maintain calm when her boyfriend breaks up with her, even though she is hurt. She is also trying to understand his side of the story and why the breakup is happening so she is asking questions and maintaining calm. Sarah is displaying _______

Emotional regulation

You feel anxious in crowded places, so you decide not to attend a packed concert and instead go to a small gathering with friends. This is an example of:

Situational selection

You’re nervous about giving a class presentation, so you practice a lot and ask a friend to sit in the front row for support. This is an example of:

Situation modification

You feel upset after an argument, so you watch your favorite movie or go for a walk to take your mind off it. This is an example of:

Attentional focus

You didn’t get the job you wanted. Instead of feeling like a failure, you tell yourself it was a learning experience and that a better opportunity will come. This is an example of:

Reappraisal

You’re feeling extremely frustrated at work, but instead of showing your anger, you keep a neutral face and stay professional until you can cool down. This is an example of:

Suppression

__________ are short-lived, feeling-purposive-expressive-bodily
responses that help us adapt top the opportunities and challenges we
face during important life events.

Emotions

What are the 4 components of emotions?

Feelings, Bodily response, Sense of purpose and Expressive behavior

________ believe that emotions serve a specific evolutionary purpose, and are hardwired and automatic. Therefore, there are a limited number of universal emotions that are suited to
survival of humans (and animals)

Biological theorists

_________ believe that emotions arise from the meaning given to
situations. Therefore there are an unlimited number of possible emotions

Cognitive theorists

What are the 7 basic emotions?

Anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness, and contempt

What functions do emotions serve?

coping and social functions

Appraisal

a cognitive process that evaluates the significance of events in terms of one’s well-being. It is driven by goals, needs, values, beliefs, personal relationships, etc and it differs across individuals, situations, and time.

What are the different ways in which events are evaluated?

Valence, goal relevance, coping potential, goal congruence, novelty, and agency

Attribution Theory

The reason a person uses to explain an important life outcome or events. It’s a two-step process:Primary appraisal: positive or negative. Secondary appraisal: attribution

Primary appraisal=

A positive or negative situation

Secondary appraisal=

Attribution (Actions) to the situation being presented

What are some secondary appraisal of the outcome of happiness?

Pride, gratitude and hope

What are some secondary appraisal of the outcome of sadness?

Anger, pity, guilt and shame

“I succeed because of my outstanding effort” is an example of ______

Pride

“ I lost a prized possession
because my partner wasn’t
careful” is an example of ________

Anger

“I succeeded because of help
from my teammates” is an example of _________

Gratitude

“I was rejected because I am
ugly.” is an example of _________

Pity

“I hurt someone because I said
something insensitive” is an example of ______

Guilt

“I lost my partner to a terminal
illness” is an example of ________

Pity

“I do well in school because I’m
always able to figure things out” is an example of _______

Hope

When are emotions detrimental?

when they are situationally inappropriate, elicited at the wrong time, and are at the wrong level of intensity

Emotional regulation

Influencing which emotions are experienced and expressed, and when/how they are experienced and expressed

What are the 5 emotional regulation strategies?

Situation selection, situation modification, attentional focus, reappraisal and suppression

“ You know the latest horror movie will be too terrifying for you so you watch a romcom instead” is an example of which emotional regulation strategy?

Situation selection

“You lose your wallet, but realize this means you’ll get to buy a nicer one” is an example of which emotional regulation strategy?

Reappraisal

“You’re bored to bits at your dead end job, so you imagine the nice things you’ll be able to buy with your paycheque” is an example of which emotional regulation strategy?

Attentional focus

“You unexpectedly run into your frienemy, so you fake a smile and exchange pleasantries” is an example of which emotional regulation strategy?

Suppression

“You’re starving, but your partner forgets to pick up dinner like you asked. You forgive them by telling yourself it’s because they had a difficult day at work and cook something quick instead.” is an example of which emotional regulation strategy?

Reappraisal and/or situational modification

______ is the ability to differentiate emotional experience into discrete categories and to differentiate one basic
emotion into its various shades

Emotion Knowledge

greater emotion knowledge leads to ___________

greater emotional well-being

Which mindset best distinguishes between the motivation of setting goals
and the volition of actually doing the work to attain those goals?

Deliberative-implemental

The following quotation describes which type of mindset?:
"I already know that my goal is to “get into shape”. So, what do I now need
to do to get myself into shape? What steps do I need to take to accomplish
my goal?"

Implemental

An individual who is trying to attain what one does not yet have and
strives to approach ideal end-states is said to be exhibiting a ________
mindset.

Promotion

Parental and teacher ability person-directed praise (“You are so smart!”)
tends to develop in children a ________ mindset.

Fixed

An _____ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or
she can act in a particular way; whereas an _____ expectation is a person's
estimate of what will happen once the person carries out that behavior

Efficacy; outcome

Which of the following quotations best represents an outcome
expectation?

“What I do will work.”

As one person watches a peer perform incompetently and verbalize
distress, the observer comes to believe, “If they can’t do it, what makes me think I
can?” The observer’s self-efficacy belief has been affected by:

Vicarious experience.

____ can be understood as the psychological state that results when an
individual expects that life’s outcomes are uncontrollable.

Learned helplessness

___ refers to the actual, objective relationship between a person’s behavior
and the environment’s outcomes.

Contingency

A(n) ______ is cognitive generalization about the self that is domain
specific and learned from past experience.

self-schema

When a person receives potent social feedback that disconfirms his or her
preexisting self-conception, what variable determines whether the person
will or will not experience a change in self-concept?

whether self-concept certainty is high or low

Which of the following events combine to instigate the self-verification
process?

strongly self-discrepant feedback combined with moderate self- concept certainty

________ is the ability to suppress, restrain, and even override an impulsive
desire, urge, behavior, or tendency to pursue a long-term goal.

Self-control

In one experiment, participants were assigned to either a) exert high self-
control by eating radishes (while resisting chocolate chip cookies) or b) exert no self-control by simply eating the chocolate chip cookies. Participants were
then asked to complete a series of impossible geometry problems, and those who were told to exert high self-control persisted for a shorter period of time than those who exerted no self-control. What does this indicate about self-control?

that it is a limited resource that can be depleted

When sad, a person is motivated to take the action necessary to overcome
or reverse the sense of failure or separation just experienced. What
dimension of emotion does this illustrate?

Sense of purpose

According to those who study the functions of emotions, which of the
following statements is most true?

There is no such thing as a “bad” emotion.

Of the following emotion regulation strategies, which is generally
recognized as the least effective strategy?

suppression

According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative
outcome to an internal and controllable cause generates the emotional
reaction of:

guilt

The number of different emotions a person can distinguish within their
own experience comprises their:

emotion knowledge

Intervention

systematic and deliberate plan of action undertaken to alter (improve) an existing condition