Memory & Lifespan Development Exam Review

These flashcards cover key concepts from memory processes and lifespan development, including definitions of terms related to memory types, theorists, and developmental milestones.

Encoding

Process of getting information into memory.

Storage

Keeping information over time.

Retrieval

Getting information out of storage.

Visual encoding

Encoding of images, e.g., remembering faces.

Acoustic encoding

Encoding of sounds, e.g., remembering a melody.

Semantic encoding

Encoding of meaning, e.g., associating 'canine' with 'dog'.

Sensory memory

Brief storage of sights, sounds, tastes.

Short-term memory (STM)

Temporary memory storage lasting about 20 seconds.

Long-term memory (LTM)

Permanent and unlimited storage of information.

Explicit (Declarative) Memory

Conscious recall of facts or events.

Semantic Memory

Memory of facts and general knowledge, e.g., 'the sky is blue'.

Episodic Memory

Memory of personal experiences, e.g., your 10th birthday.

Implicit (Non-declarative) Memory

Unconscious skills or habits, e.g., riding a bike.

Recall

Retrieving information without cues.

Recognition

Identifying information with cues.

Relearning

Practicing forgotten material.

Levels of Processing Theory

Deeper processing improves memory retention.

Flashbulb Memory

Vivid recall of an emotional event, e.g., the Kennedy assassination.

Misinformation Effect

Creation of false memories from external sources.

Chunking

Grouping information into units to enhance memory.

Mnemonic Devices

Acronyms or associations used to aid memory.

Transience

The phenomenon of memory fading over time.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to remember past memories.

Jean Piaget

Theorist known for cognitive development stages in children.

Erik Erikson

Theorist focusing on psychosocial development in 8 stages.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Theorist known for levels of moral reasoning.

Sigmund Freud

Theorist associated with psychosexual development.

Cognitive Development Stages

Piaget's model of children's developmental stages.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's stage focused on caregiver dependency from ages 0-1.

Attachment Styles

Ainsworth's classifications of responses to caregiver absence.

Parenting Styles

Different approaches to raising children, e.g., authoritative, authoritarian.

Schemata (Schemas)

Mental models for organizing information.

Assimilation

Incorporating new info into existing schemas.

Accommodation

Modifying schemas to incorporate new information.

Conservation

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.

Stranger Anxiety

Fear of unfamiliar people, typically seen in infants.

Teratogens

Substances that can harm prenatal development, e.g., alcohol, cocaine.

Developmental Milestones

Age-based achievements in physical or cognitive development.

Nature vs. Nurture

Debate regarding the influence of genetics vs. environment.

Vocabulary Spurt

Rapid increase in language development during early childhood.