summary chapters 6-10

Puberty

A period of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation triggered by hormonal changes.

Growth spurt

A rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolescence.

Distal-proximal pattern

Trend where the extremities grow before areas closer to the center of the body.

Primary sex characteristics

Reproductive organs and structures directly involved in reproduction.

Secondary sex characteristics

Visible signs of sexual maturity not directly involved in reproduction.

Acne

Skin condition that occurs due to hormonal changes increasing sebaceous gland activity.

Early puberty in girls

Associated with depression, anxiety, substance use, and earlier sexual behavior.

Myelination

Process that increases the insulation around axons to allow faster information transmission in the brain.

Synaptic pruning

The process of removing unnecessary neural connections to enhance cortical efficiency.

Corpus callosum

Brain structure that connects the left and right hemispheres, thickening during adolescence.

Limbic system

Brain structure associated with emotion, rewards, and social interactions, highly active during adolescence.

Prefrontal cortex

Brain area responsible for higher-level control like impulse control and decision-making.

Developmental mismatch

A situation where earlier development of the limbic system leads to increased risk-taking before the prefrontal cortex matures.

Adolescent health issues

Includes sleep deprivation, risky behaviors, and the timing of significant life events.

Sleep deprivation consequences

Associated with irritability, poor academic performance, and increased health risks.

Leading causes of death in adolescence

Accidents, suicide, and homicide are notable concerns.

Sexual attraction in adolescence

Typically becomes important around ages 10-11.

Adolescent pregnancy risk factors

Early puberty, lower socioeconomic status, and family dynamics increase the risk.

Piaget's formal operational stage

Cognitive development stage beginning around age 11, emphasizing abstract and hypothetical thinking.

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

The ability to develop hypotheses and consider outcomes systematically.

Imaginary audience

Belief that one is constantly being observed and judged by others.

Personal fable

Belief that one’s experiences are unique and that one is invulnerable to harm.

School transitions

Challenging periods that can lead to disengagement or lower academic success.

Peer influence

Friends can significantly impact academic motivation and achievement.

Identity development in adolescence

Involves exploration of different roles, values, and future paths.

Erikson's identity vs. role confusion

The psychosocial crisis during adolescence where individuals explore identity.

Marcia's identity statuses

Includes identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement based on exploration and commitment.

Parent-adolescent conflict

Often increases over everyday issues but can lead to compromises with maturity.

Autonomy in adolescence

Refers to increased independence and control over daily decisions.

Positive peer influence

Providing companionship and emotional support that contributes to well-being.

Cliques vs. crowds

Cliques are smaller, tight-knit groups while crowds are larger social categories based on reputation.

Romantic relationships in adolescence

Evolve from mixed-sex group activities to more exclusive relationships.

Cultural influences on puberty

Affects perceptions and experiences related to adolescence across racial and cultural groups.

Emerging adulthood

Transition period from ages 18-29 characterized by identity exploration and instability.

Markers of adulthood

Indicators that signify a transition into adulthood such as financial independence or completing education.

Binge drinking

Consuming large amounts of alcohol in a short period, particularly prevalent among college students.

Postformal thought

Cognitive development stage that involves more realistic and practical forms of thinking.

Dialectical thought

Integrating opposing viewpoints, recognizing contradictions and gray areas.

Erikson's intimacy vs. isolation

Psychosocial crisis in early adulthood centered around forming close relationships.

Attachment styles

Patterns of attachment that influence relationship satisfaction.

Sternberg's triangular theory of love

Love consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Successful aging

Involves avoiding disease, maintaining function, and staying socially engaged.

Mortality in late adulthood

Older adults may have lower death anxiety compared to middle adulthood.

Prolonged grief disorder

Intense grief that significantly interferes with functioning and daily life.

Advance care planning

Involves creating documents related to end-of-life medical treatment.

Palliative care

Care focused on reducing suffering and improving quality of life, not solely aimed at curing illness.

Disenfranchised grief

Grief that is not socially recognized, such as loss of a pet or ex-partner.

Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief

Stages of denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance, although not fixed.

Social relationships in late adulthood

Close relationships are important for emotional health and longevity.

Integrity vs. despair

Erikson's final psychosocial stage where older adults reflect on their lives.

Convoy model of social relations

Describes how people move through life surrounded by networks of relationships.

Activity theory

Proposes that older adults experience greater life satisfaction when active.

Selective optimization with compensation

Strategic approach to maintain functioning despite the aging process.

Dual-process model of grief

Involves moving between loss orientation and restoration orientation during grieving.