Evolutionary Theory and Reproduction chapter 6 & 7 (week two)

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering Darwinian evolution concepts and reproductive biology from the lecture notes.

Evolutionary theory was made important by __, who emphasized natural selection.

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

Darwin’s theory of perpetual change states that life is constantly __; evidence is seen in the fossil record.

changing

Darwin’s theory of ___ states that all organisms descend from a common ancestor LUCA in a branching tree of life.

Common descent

Homologies show traits inherited from ancestors with modifications; they are used to build __.

phylogenies

Darwin’s theory of multiplication of species proposes that new species form by __ and diverging populations, often isolated by barriers.

splitting

Interbreeding is prevented by geographic barriers or reproductive barriers (pre-zygotic and post-zygotic).

allopatric

Types of speciation include allopatric (geographic isolation), sympatric (same area, different habitats), and __.

parapatric

Darwin’s theory of gradualism states that evolution proceeds via small gradual changes over long time; __ equilibrium suggests rapid bursts.

punctuated

Darwin’s theory of natural selection posits that __, heritability, and differential survival drive adaptation and evolution.

variation

Neo-Darwinism is the modern synthesis combining Darwin’s theory with __ genetics, explaining heredity via chromosomes.

Mendelian

What upsets genetic equilibrium? __ forces like mutation, drift, migration, and natural selection.

Microevolutionary

Microevolution is caused by mutation (new alleles), genetic drift (random allele shifts), migration (gene flow), and __.

natural selection

The three types of natural selection are stabilizing (favoring the __), directional (favoring an extreme), and disruptive (favoring both extremes).

average

Microevolutionary changes accumulate to cause large-scale evolutionary events such as __.

speciation and extinction

Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the union of gametes, while asexual reproduction involves __ parents and produces clones.

one

Asexual reproduction is __, while sexual reproduction increases diversity and adaptation.

faster

Types of asexual reproduction include binary/multiple fission, budding, gemmulation, fragmentation, and __.

parthenogenesis

Types of sexual reproduction include bisexual reproduction (separate sexes) and __.

hermaphroditism

Somatic cells are the body cells that die with the organism; germ cells are the that carry heredity across generations.

gametes

Oviparous animals are egg-laying; fertilization can be or .

internal or external

Ovoviviparous animals retain eggs inside the body; nourishment comes from the __.

yolk

Viviparous animals are -bearing; embryos are nourished directly by the mother.

live

Primary reproductive organs are the ; accessory organs include structures like the penis, uterus, and ducts.

gonads

The function of testes is to produce ; they are usually outside the body for lower temperature.

sperm

Why do some vertebrates not need a penis? Fertilization is __; birds usually lack one.

external

The function of ovaries is to produce .

ova

The function of the oviduct is to transport ; shells may be added in birds and reptiles.

eggs

The function of the uterus is to hold embryos for development; the ancestral form is .

paired

Compare multiparous and uniparous reproduction: Multiparous reproduction results in many offspring per birth; uniparous results in __ per birth.

one

Monozygotic twins are __, from one zygote.

identical

Dizygotic twins are __, from two zygotes.

fraternal