Examining the placebo effect

1. placebo effect (n) /pləˈsiːbəʊ ɪˈfekt/
Example: The placebo effect can make patients feel better even without real medicine.

→ improvement in a patient’s condition caused by belief in treatment rather than the treatment itself
→ hiệu ứng giả dược

2. pharmacology (n) /ˌfɑːməˈkɒlədʒi/
Example: She studied pharmacology to become a drug researcher.

→ the scientific study of drugs and their effects
→ dược lý học

3. pharmaceutical company (n) /ˌfɑːməˈsuːtɪkl ˈkʌmpəni/
Example: Many pharmaceutical companies compete to create new medicines.

→ a company that makes and sells medicines
→ công ty dược phẩm

4. rival (n) /ˈraɪvl/
Example: Their company is a strong rival in the market.

→ a competitor or opponent
→ đối thủ

5. patent (n) /ˈpætnt/
Example: The company applied for a patent for its new drug.

→ an official right to make or sell an invention
→ bằng sáng chế

6. blockbuster drug (n) /ˈblɒkbʌstər drʌɡ/
Example: Aspirin was once considered a blockbuster drug.

→ a medicine that earns very high sales worldwide
→ thuốc “bom tấn” (bán rất chạy)

7. generic product (n) /dʒəˈnerɪk ˈprɒdʌkt/
Example: Generic products are usually cheaper than branded ones.

→ a product without a brand name, often cheaper
→ sản phẩm gốc, không có thương hiệu

8. pre-eminence (n) /priˈemɪnəns/
Example: The scientist gained pre-eminence in her field.

→ the quality of being more important or better than others
→ sự vượt trội, ưu thế

9. central nervous system (n) /ˌsentrəl ˈnɜːvəs ˌsɪstəm/
Example: The drug affects the central nervous system.

→ the brain and spinal cord that control body functions
→ hệ thần kinh trung ương

10. hinge on (phr.v) /hɪndʒ ɒn/
Example: His success hinges on hard work.

→ to depend completely on something
→ phụ thuộc vào

11. clinical trial (n) /ˈklɪnɪkl ˈtraɪəl/
Example: The new drug is being tested in clinical trials.

→ a test of a new medicine on people to check safety and effectiveness
→ thử nghiệm lâm sàng

12. exploit (v) /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
Example: The company exploits new technology for profit.

→ to use something in a way that helps you
→ khai thác, tận dụng

13. unravel (v) /ʌnˈrævl/
Example: The truth began to unravel during the investigation.

→ to become clear, to fail or collapse
→ sáng tỏ, sụp đổ

14. inert substance (n) /ɪˈnɜːt ˈsʌbstəns/
Example: Placebos usually contain inert substances like sugar.

→ a substance that has no effect
→ chất trơ, không tác động

15. gauge (v) /ɡeɪdʒ/
Example: It’s difficult to gauge his reaction.

→ to measure, estimate or judge
→ đo lường, đánh giá

16. futility boundary (n) /fjuːˈtɪləti ˈbaʊndri/
Example: The trials crossed the futility boundary.

→ the point where continuing is seen as pointless
→ ngưỡng vô ích

17. falter (v) /ˈfɔːltə(r)/
Example: The company’s profits began to falter.

→ to lose strength or confidence
→ suy yếu, chùn bước

18. stake (n) /steɪk/
Example: The stakes are high in the final exam.

→ the level of risk or importance
→ rủi ro, lợi ích đặt cược

19. authenticated trial (n) /ɔːˈθentɪkeɪtɪd ˈtraɪəl/
Example: Only authenticated trials are accepted by the FDA.

→ officially checked and approved trials
→ thử nghiệm được xác thực

20. doggedly (adv) /ˈdɒɡɪdli/
Example: She worked doggedly to finish her project.

→ with strong determination
→ kiên trì, bền bỉ

21. empathy (n) /ˈempəθi/
Example: The doctor showed empathy towards his patients.

→ the ability to understand someone’s feelings
→ sự thấu cảm

22. comb through (phr.v) /kəʊm θruː/
Example: The police combed through the records.

→ to search carefully
→ lục soát, rà soát

23. aggregate (v) /ˈæɡrɪɡeɪt/
Example: They aggregated results from several studies.

→ to combine or collect
→ tổng hợp

24. unsettling (adj) /ʌnˈsetlɪŋ/
Example: The news was unsettling for investors.

→ making you anxious or worried
→ gây lo lắng

25. coercion (n) /kəʊˈɜːʃn/
Example: The confession was made under coercion.

→ using force or threats to make someone act
→ sự ép buộc

26. therapeutic ritual (n) /ˌθerəˈpjuːtɪk ˈrɪtʃuəl/
Example: The therapeutic ritual helped patients relax.

→ healing process involving repeated actions
→ nghi lễ trị liệu

27. bogus (adj) /ˈbəʊɡəs/
Example: He was arrested for using a bogus passport.

→ fake, false
→ giả mạo

28. persist (v) /pəˈsɪst/
Example: The pain persisted for weeks.

→ to continue despite difficulty
→ kéo dài, dai dẳng

29. hybrid treatment (n) /ˈhaɪbrɪd ˈtriːtmənt/
Example: Doctors used a hybrid treatment combining drugs and therapy.

→ treatment made of different methods combined
→ phương pháp điều trị kết hợp

30. trail behind (phr.v) /treɪl bɪˈhaɪnd/
Example: The company trailed behind its rivals in sales.

→ to be weaker or less successful than others
→ tụt lại phía sau

31. side effect (n) /ˈsaɪd ɪfekt/
Example: Headache is a common side effect of the drug.

→ unwanted or unexpected reaction to medicine
→ tác dụng phụ

32. industry jargon (n) /ˈʤɑːɡən/
Example: The report is full of legal jargon.

→ special words used in a specific industry
→ biệt ngữ ngành

33. fate (n) /feɪt/
Example: The company’s fate depended on one drug.

→ what happens in the future, especially something unavoidable
→ số phận

34. psychiatrist (n) /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/
Example: She is seeing a psychiatrist for treatment.

→ a doctor who treats mental illness
→ bác sĩ tâm thần

35. conversely (adv) /ˈkɒnvɜːsli/
Example: Conversely, the results were better in America.

→ in an opposite way
→ ngược lại

36. consistent (adj) /kənˈsɪstənt/
Example: The results are not consistent across trials.

→ always behaving or happening in the same way
→ nhất quán

37. yield (v) /jiːld/
Example: The research yielded unexpected results.

→ to produce or provide
→ tạo ra, mang lại

38. symptom (n) /ˈsɪmptəm/
Example: Coughing is a common symptom of a cold.

→ a sign of illness
→ triệu chứng

39. baffle (v) /ˈbæfl/
Example: The results of the trial baffled the researchers.

→ to confuse or puzzle someone
→ làm bối rối, gây khó hiểu

40. anti-depressant (n, adj) /ˌænti dɪˈpresnt/
Example: Many patients rely on anti-depressants to treat depression.

→ a type of drug used to reduce depression
→ thuốc chống trầm cảm

41. placebo (n) /pləˈsiːbəʊ/
Example: Patients felt better even after taking a placebo.

→ a harmless pill given to test drug effectiveness
→ giả dược

42. futility boundary (n) /fjuːˈtɪləti ˈbaʊndri/
Example: The study crossed the futility boundary.

→ the point where further testing is considered pointless
→ ranh giới vô ích

43. inner workings (n) /ˈɪnə ˈwɜːkɪŋz/
Example: They studied the inner workings of the brain.

→ the hidden or internal parts of how something works
→ cơ chế bên trong

44. hybrid (adj, n) /ˈhaɪbrɪd/
Example: Researchers suggested a hybrid strategy combining drugs and placebo effect.

→ a mixture of two different things
→ kết hợp, lai

45. pre-eminence (n) /priˈemɪnəns/
Example: The company aimed to restore its pre-eminence in the market.

→ the quality of being more important or powerful than others
→ vị thế vượt trội