Micro Exam 4

Phylum Proteobacteria

largest phylum of bacteria, gram negative, diverse with hetero, autotrophs, aerobes, anaerobes

Pseudomonads

proteobacteria, most ubiquitous, aerobic non fermentative, polar flagella, bioremediation, biocontrol

P. aeruginosa

UTIs, respiratory infections, cystic fibrosis, issue in hospitals, nosocomial infections, grows in soaps, antibiotics, burn patients

P. fluorescens

food spoil, facultative psychrophiles, doesnt grow well at 37*C

Entericc bacteria

enteric may cause GI infections, facultative anaerobes, fimbriae for adherence, identification requires biochemical tests

Fermentation tests for?

enteric bacteria identification

fermentation test list

mixed acid fermentation, methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test, citrate utilization test, E coli is MR +, VP - , entero opposite

E. coli

inhabits GI tracts, normal flora, synthesizes vitamin K, presence in ground water, indicates fecal pollution, travelers diarrhea, attatch to small intestine and releases toxins, utis, strain 0157:H7 deadly, in cattle

Salmonella enterica

inhabitants of poultry and cattle, 2nd in foodborne illnesses

serovar typhimurium

salmonella peanut problem

serovar enteritidis

salmonella found in eggs

Serovar typhi and paratyphi

salmonella, typhoid fever, paratyphoid, man only known host

Klebsiella pneumoniae

pneumonia, UTI, surgical wounds, KPS, C: carbapenemase breaks down antibiotic carbapenms, also fixes N2

Yersinia pestis

bubonic plague, fleas, vectors, lymph system, humans are accidental hosts from rats, black death, black hemorrhages, death in 3-5 days

Rickettsia

obligate intracellular parasite, 4/5 genre

R. rickettsia

rock y mountain spotted fever, transmitted by ticks, causes fever and rash.

typhus, R. prowazekii

lice, CNS, heart, lungs, kidneys, man only known host, military infantry WW1

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

gonorrhea, STD, diplococcus

Vibrio cholerae

cholera, coastal salt waters, dysentary

Heliobacter

H. pylori, microaerophile, cause of gastritis, ulcers, colonizes thee non-acid secretary mucosa of the stomata raises the pH by releasing urease

Legionella pneumophile

legionaries disease, legionellosis, occurs naturally in streams, rivers, lakes, breathed in aerosol droplets and pneumonia like symptoms

Acetic acid bacteria

carry out incomplete oxidation of ethanol and sugars to organic acids, aerobic, acid tolerant, Acetobacter, Gluconbacter, hard citer, vinegar

Phylum Fermitcutes

gram +, low GC content, non-endospire formers, cocci, staphylococcus, S. auerus, tolerates high salt concentrations, food poisonings, wound infections, toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome infant

MRSA

methicillin resistant

streptococcus

catalase negative (staphylococcus +), facultative anaerobe,

GAS

S. pyogenes, group A streptococcal antigen

Lancefield groups

S. pyogenes, carbohydrates antigen beta-hemolysis

strep throat

S. pyogenes

scarlet fever

4-8 (15) yr olds, exotoxin causes red, S. pyogenes

Rheumatic fever

antibodies against streptococcal antigens also react with heart and joint antigens S. pyogenes

rotting flesh

necrotizing facilis S. pyogenes

S. mutans

dental caries

S. lactis

buttermilk, cheeses, yogurt

S. pneumoniae

alpha hemolysis

Lactobacillus acidophilous, delbruckii

sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk, yogurt

Listeria

L. monocytogenes, coccobacillus, soil, water, psychotolerant, unpasteurized milk, processed meats, septicemia, meningitis

Clostridium

obligate anaerobes, endospores

C. tetani

tetanus, toxin causes muscle spasms

C. botulinum

botulism, botulinin toxin causes muscle paralysis

C. perfringrens

gangrene, toxin destroys tissues, hemolysis, renal failure

C. difficile

diarrhea, colon inflammation

Bacillus

facultative anaerobe, endospores, centrally located

B. anthracis

disease of cattle, septicemia, lungs, reindeer deaths?

B. thuringensis

biological control, kills insects, larvae or adults

Sporosarcina

coccus with endospores

S. ureae

decomposes urea, increase pH NH3, urine degraders

Phylum Tenericutes

cell wall-less bacteria, related to FIrmicutes, mycoplasma, doesnt stain, smallest free living, colonizes mucous membranes and respiratory and urogenital tracts (M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium)

Phylum Actinobacteria

gram positive, high GC content

Corynebacterium

rod to club shaped, pleomorphic, C. diptheria

Mycobacterium

acid-fast stain, mycolic acid, NH2+ of basic fuchsin with COO- of mycolic acid

M. tuuberculosis

long term treatment, persistent cells, dormant variants that are highly tolerant and resuscitate (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, conidia albirans)

M. leprae

leprosy, Hansen’s disease, cultured on armadillos

Filamentous Actinobacteria

actinomycetes, growth resembles mycelium, form spores, conidia, soil(earthy odor)

streptomyces

source of antibiotics

Phylum Chlamydiae

gram negative, lack peptidoglycan, obligate intracellular parasites, very small limited metabolism, rely on host cells

Chlamydia trachomatis

std, trachoma: eye disease

Phylum Spirochetes

gram negative, spirochaetes, flagellums: axial filament or endoflagellum

Treponema pallidum

syphilis, std, not culturable, 3 degree stages

T. denticola

many free living species

Borrelia burgdoferi

Lyme disease, tick

Phylum cyanobacteria

oxygenic autotrophs, wall similar to gram negative bacteria, thylakoid membranes, contain chlorophyll a, phycobilisomes attached to membrane, gas vesicles for flotation, heterocysts, extreme temps better than eukaryotic algae, ferns/lichen symbiotes

Anabaena

cyanobacteria, has heterocysts

Oscillataria

cyanobacteria, lacks heterocysts, oscillates

Spirulina

cyanobacteria, food supplement with lots of protein, vitamins

Bioluminescent bacteria

marine, gut tracts of marine mammals, light organs, luciferase enzyme, density dependent, requires inducer molecule activates gene, autoinduction, quorum sensing, population density dependent, photobacterium, aliivibrio, vibrio

Domain archae

lack peptidoglycan, gram + or -. pseudomurein, polysaccharides, s-layer, ester linkages in membrane lipids: phytanyl, biphytanyl side chains, difference in RNA polymerase, proein synthesis

Crenarchaeote

hyperthermophiles, temperate and cold too, sulphur, solfatara, hotsprings, hydrothermal vents, anaerobic, autotrophs, heterotophs: Sulfobolus

hydrothermal vent archae?

Pyrolobus fumarii, black smokers, chemolithotroph, oxidation of H2 for energy

Euryarchaeota

extreme holophiles, acidophiles, methanogens, thermophiles, no photoautorophs, extreme halophiles, salted fish, meat, Halobacterium salinarum, aerobes, gram negative, compatible solutes, maintain high K+ inside cells, cell wall:glycoproteins

carotenoids

red color, under low O2 tension, bacteriorhodopsin(similar to rhodopsin) forms in plasma membrane, retinal, purple hue and act as proton pump from green light, pump H+ outside membrane, protons return through ATPase to form ATP, photoheterotrophy,

Natronobacterium

alkaline as well as salty, soda lakes, haloalkaliphiles

methanogens

archaea anoxic sediments of marshes, swamps, digestive tracts, hydrothermal vents, biodegradation facilities

Causes diptheria

Corynebacterium

Whats not gram positive?

Salmonella, chlamydiae, spirochaetes

Whats gram positive?

Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Listeria

Nosocomial infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Gram positive with low GC ratios

Firmicutes

Tolerates the most extreme halophilic conditions

archaea

plaque method

method used to study bacterial viruses

envelope acquisition

budding in viruses refers to the acquisition of the

Bubonic plague

Yesinia pestis

Polio?

Picornaviridiae

Influenza?

Orthomyxoviridae

Virus characteristics

Nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, protein coat, multiply within living cells, using biosynthetic machinery of the cells, escape and infect other cells

Virion

complete virus unit

Nucleic acid of virus

double stranded or single stranded DNA and RNA

Capsid/capsomere

protein subunits

nucleocapsid

nucleic acid and capsid

envelope

outer layer, present on some, lipids, carbs, proteins

spikes

surface markers, antigens, carb, protein, lysozomes, nucleic acid polymerases

virus shapes

polyhedral: 20 faces, icosahedron, Helical: capsid has helical structure: capsid had helical structure ex. Ebola

animal virus study

inject animals, embryonated eggs, cell culture

T4 (T-even phages)

dsDNA, head, tail, tail fibers, baseplate, pin, in bacteriophage: only DNA/RNA enters the cell replication

Adsorption/attachment T4

#1 receptor sites on host cell, carbs on lipolysaccharides

penetration T4

#2 tail fibers retract, tail sheath contracts, release enzyme, pore forms in wall, DNA injectedb

biosynthesis T4

#3 new phage DNA and protein produced

maturation T4

#4 assemblage of DNA and proteins into virion

release T4

#5 burst time, 20-60 min bacteriophages, 8-40 hrs animals, burst size: 50-100 phages

animal virus steps

1. Adsorption

2. penetration: endocytosis, removal of envelope

3. uncoating: removal of capsid

4. biosynthesis of virions

5. maturation and release: budding: acquisition of envelope, portion of cell membrane is incorporated (lipids)

coronoviridiae

(IV) enveloped, ssRNA+, club-shaped spikes, common cold, SARS, MERS, Covid-19