Name-Category Pharm Drugs #3

Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, Tetracycline, “azoles” are considered what drug class

Antibiotics

Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, Tetracycline, “azoles” fight what bacteria in peptic ulcers

H. Pylori

Cimetidine (Tagamet), Ranitidine (Zantac), Famotidine (Pepcid)

“idines”

Are considered what drug class

Histamine 2- Receptor Antagonist

Cimetidine (Tagamet), Ranitidine (Zantac), Famotidine (Pepcid)

“idines”

MOA

Blocks H2 receptors which suppresses secretion of gastric acid and lowers H2 concentration

Cimetidine (Tagamet) has what adverse affect

Antiandrogenic effect (feminizing traits)

Why is Ranitidine (Zantac) & Famotidine (Pepcid) used more compared to other Histamine 2-Receptor Antagonists

They are more potent and have fewer side effects than Cimetidine (Tagamet)

Esomeprazole (Nexium), Omeprazole (Prilosec), Pantoprazole (Protonix) "

“prazoles”

Are considered what drug category

PPIs

Esomeprazole (Nexium), Omeprazole (Prilosec), Pantoprazole (Protonix) "

“prazoles”

MOA

Decreases the pepsin production

Esomeprazole (Nexium), Omeprazole (Prilosec), Pantoprazole (Protonix) "

“prazoles”

Therapeutic Use

First line drug for ulcers

Prevention of stress ulcers within at risk (hospitalized) pts

Sucralfate (Carafate) is considered what type of drug

Gastric mucosa protectant (Other antiulcer drug)

Misoprostol (Cytotec) MOA & is used in what patient population

MOA- Prostaglandin analog (increases mucosa protectant)

Population- Clients who use long term NSAIDS

Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) adverse affects

Serious bleeding problems (black tarry stools & toungue)

Ringing in the ears

Amphojel is considered what drug category

Antacid

Tums is considered what drug category

Antacid

Maalox is considered what drug category

Antacid

Soda Bicarbonate is considered what drug category

Antacid

What is the MOA of the Antacids (Amphojel, Tums, Maalox, Soda Bicarbonate)

Neutralizes acids and prevents the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin in the stomach.

What is the only Antacid (Amphojel, Tums, Maalox, Soda Bicarbonate) to cause a an alter in the bodies pH

Soda Bicarbonate

Phenothiazine, Prochlorperazine, Promethazine

“P-zines”

Are considered what type of drug category

Antiemetics- Dopamine Antagonists

What is the MOA of Phenothiazine, Prochlorperazine, Promethazine

“P-zines”

Blocks dopamine receptors

Ondansetron (Zofran) is considered what drug category

Antiemetic- Serotonin Antagonist

What is the MOA of Ondansetron (Zofran)

Blocks type 3 serotonin receptors

At what time should you give Ondansetron (Zofran) when a patient is receiving chemotherapy

Before chemotherapy

Scopolamine is used for what condition

Motion Sickness

What is the MOA for Scopolamine

Muscarinic antagonist by interfering with nerve pulses traveling from the vestibular apparatus to the inner ear

Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) & Meclizine (Antivert) are considered what drug category

Antihistamines used for Motion Sickness

Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) & Meclizine (Antivert)

MOA

Blocks receptors for histamine and acetylcholine

What are the two main side effects for motion sickness drugs

1) Anticholinergic Effects

2) CNS Depressents causing sedation → Do not operate heavy machinery

Lactulose is considered what drug category

Ammonia Reducer & Osmotic Laxative

Lactulose

MOA

Traps ammonia in the colon which leads it to be excreted out by stool

Therapeutic use for Lactulose

Hepatic Encephalopathy (Liver Failure) & Constipation

What is the major nursing intervention for Lactulose

Monitor for mental status

Rifaximin is considered what drug category

Oral antibiotic used with Lactulose

Rifaximin

MOA

Inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis in the gut

Adverse affect of Rifaximin

C. Diff

What to monitor in pts taking Neomycin

Hearing (ototoxic) and kidney (nephrotoxic) function

What does Vitamin K (Phytonadione) do in pts

Supports clotting factor production with people who have liver disease

Pancrelipase

MOA

Increase lipase, amylase, protease to aid digestion in pancreatic insufficiency

Octreotide (Sandostatin)

MOA

Decreases GI secretion and motility to reduce pancreatic enzyme release

What are some adverse affects of Octreotide (Sandostatin)

QT prolongation

Psyllium (Metamucil) is considered what drug category

Bulk-forming laxative (12-24 hours)

Psyllium (Metamucil)

MOA

Acts like dietary fiber - Swell stool with water to increase size and soften

Docusate Sodium (Colace) is considered what drug category

Surfactant laxatives (1-3 days)

Bisacodyl (Dulocolax) is considered what drug category

Stimulant laxatives (30 minutes)

Surfactant laxatives (1-3 days) VS Stimulant laxatives (30 minutes)

Surfactant laxatives (1-3 days) - One Effects on Bowel: Softens Stool

Stimulant laxatives (30 minutes)- Two Effects on Bowel: Softens Stool & Stimulates Intestinal Motility

Which type of laxative is used for opioid-induced constipation

Stimulant laxatives (30 minutes) - Bisacodyl (Dulocolax)

Milk of Magnesia (MOM) & Polyethylene Glycol (Miralax) is considered what drug category

Osmotic Laxatives

Milk of Magnesia (MOM) & Polyethylene Glycol (Miralax)

MOA

Induces peristalsis through water movement

Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) is considered what drug category

Nonspecific Antidiarrheal Agents AND Opiod

Loperamide (Imodium) is considered what drug category

Nonspecific Antidiarrheal Agents AND Opiod

Loperamide (Imodium) & Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) main adverse effect

Megacolon in pts with IBD.

Metronidazole (Flagyl) & Vanomycin considered what drug category

Specific Antidiarrheal

What are Metronidazole (Flagyl) & Vanomycin used to treat

C. Diff

Alosteron (Lotonerx) is what drug category

IBS Medication- Women Only

Alosteron (Lotonerx) Adverse Effect

Ischemic Colitis

Lubriprostone (Amitiza) is what drug category

IBS Drug (18+)

Tegaserod (Zelnorm)

Men (and women) acute IBS drug

Kayexelate (sodium polystrene) is used to treat what

Hyperkalemia

Phentermine (Lomaria) is what type of category of drug

Anorexiant (Drug causes appetite suppression)

Phentermine (Lomaria)

MOA

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine

Ginger Therapeutic Use

Relives Vertigo & N/V for motion sickness

Decreases pain and stiffness of RA

Ginkgo Bibola Therapeutic Use

Promotes vasodilation in peripheral artery disease (PAD)

St. Johns Worts Adverse Effects

Natural antidepressant so watch out for Serotonin Syndrome

Ferrous Sulfate Vs Iron Dextran

Ferrous Sulfate- PO

Iron Dextran- IV

What is a complication for Iron Dextran

Anaphylaxis

Vitamin B12/Cyanocobalamin

MOA

Converts folic acid from its inactive form to its active form.

Folic Acid Therapeutic Use & Recommended Population

Essential in the production of DNA and erythropoiesis

Recommended in pregnant mothers

Potassium K+ contradiction

Never take with Bolus

Magnesium Sulfate Mg2+ Therapeutic Use

Stops preterm labor because it is an anticonvulsant

What is Magnesium Sulfate Mg2+ antidote

Calcium Gluconate

Insulin Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (Novolog) & Glulisine (Apidra)

“(Log) + Apidra”

Are what type of insulin

Rapid Acting Insulin (15 minutes-5 hours)

Regular Insulin, Humulin R, & Novolin R

Are what type of insulin

Short Acting Insulin (30 minutes-8 hours)

NPH, Humulin N, Humulin L, & Novolin L (Lente)

Intermediate Acting Insulin (16-24 hours)

Insulin Glagrine (Lantus), Detemir (Levemir), Degludec (Tresiba)

Long Acting Insulin (24 hours)

What type of Insulin is considered “Meal-time insulin”

Rapid Acting Insulin (15 minutes-5 hours)

Insulin Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (Novolog) & Glulisine (Apidra)

“(Log) + Apidra”

What is the only type of insulin that can be given through an IV & is used in DKA

Regular Insulin

Insulin that can be mixed

Intermediate Acting Insulin (16-24 hours)

NPH, Humulin N, L, & Novolin L

Insulin with no peak present

Long Acting Insulin (24 hours)

Insulin Glagrine (Lantus), Detemir (Levemir), Degludec (Tresiba)

Metformin is what drug category

Biguanides

Metformin

MOA

Reduces the production of glucose within the liver through suppression of gluceogensis

Key teaching points for Metformin

-Do not give if pt has history of renal impairment or alcohol abuse disorder because it leads to Lactic Acidosis

-Hold metformin 24 hours pre CT Scan and 48 hours post CT Scan WITH contrast

Glipized & Glyburide

“The G’s”

Are what drug category

Sulfonylures

What is the MOA of Glipizide & Glyburide

Squeeze insulin out of pancreas

Glipizide & Glyburide key contradiction

Do not mix with insulin because it can cause hypoglycemia.

Canagliflozin (Invokana), Dapagliflozin (Farxiga), Empagliflozin (Jardiance)

“flozins”

Are considered what drug category

SGLT-2

Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors

Canagliflozin (Invokana), Dapagliflozin (Farxiga), Empagliflozin (Jardiance)

“flozins”

Key characterisitc

Pee a ton because you are excreting glucose out of the urine

Canagliflozin (Invokana), Dapagliflozin (Farxiga), Empagliflozin (Jardiance)

“flozins”

Adverse Effects

UTIs & Yeast Infections

Semaglutide (Ozempic), Dulaglutide (Trulicity), Tirezapatide (Manjaro), Liraglutide

“tides”

Are all what drug category

GLP-1

Semaglutide (Ozempic), Dulaglutide (Trulicity), Tirezapatide (Manjaro), Liraglutide

“tides”

MOA

Enhances insulin secretion from pancreas & prevents rapid spikes in blood sugar by slowing gastric emptying

Semaglutide (Ozempic), Dulaglutide (Trulicity), Tirezapatide (Manjaro), Liraglutide

“tides”
Main adverse effects

Pancreatitis (abdominal pain) & Constipation

What is Gabapentin used for in diabeteics

Diabetic Neuropathy

What is Methimazole used for

Hyperthyroidism

What is Propylthiouracil (PTU) used for

Hyperthyroidism

When is Propylthiouracil (PTU) usually used

First trimester of pregnancy

What is Radioactive Iodine used for

Hyperthyroidism

Levothyroxine (Synthroid) used for

Hypothyroidism

Levothyroxine (Synthroid)

MOA

Synthetic hormone replacement with T3 and T4

Major teaching point for Levothyroxine (Synthroid)

Take on an empty stomach

What is Somatropin used for

Treat growth hormone deficiencies

What is an adverse effect of Somatropin

Hyperglycemia