RADR 1309: Exam 4

asepsis

freedom from infection

bacteria

single-celled prokaryotic (lacks a nucleus), ubiquitous

blood-borne pathogens

disease causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood

chemotherapy

treatment of disease by chemical agents

cyst

stage in the life cycle of certain parasites during which they are enclosed in a protective wall

dimorphic

occuring in two distinct forms

diseases

deviations from or interruptions of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system (or combination) of the body that are exhibited by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose cause, pathological mechanism, and prognosis may be known or unknown

disinfectants

chemicals used to free an environment from pathogenic organisms or to render such organisms inert, especially as applied to the treatment of inanimate materials to reduce or eliminate infectious organisms

eukaryotes

organisms whose cells have a true nucleus

flora

microbial community found on or in a healthy person

fomite

an object such as a book, wooden object, or article of clothing that is not in itself harmful but is able to harbor pathogenic microorganisms and thus may serve as an agent of transmission of an infection

fungi

general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists--including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, molds, and smuts-- that are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall

bacteria

what type of microorganism is Streptococci and bacilli

frequent handwashing

most effective method for achieving medical asepsis

Healthcare-associated infection (HAI)

infection that patients acquire while they are receiving treatment for another healthcare issue

host

an animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

latrogenic

resulting from the activities of physicians

medical asepsis

involves a reduction in numbers of infectous agents, which in turn decreases the probability of infection but does not reduce it to zero.

immunity

security against a particular disease

infection

refers to the establishment and growth of microorganisms in/on host. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues that may be clinically inapparent or may result in local cellular injury as a result of competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response.

medical asepsis

reduction in the number of infectious agents, which, in turn, decreases the probability of infection, but does not necessarily reduce it to zero

microorganisms

microscopic organisms--those of medical interest including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

nosocomial

pertaining to or originating in the hospital; said of an infection not present or incubating before admittance to the hospital but generally developing 72 hours after admittance

pathogens

disease-producing microorganisms; multiply in large numbers and cause obstruction; causes tissue damage; secrete substance that produce effects in the body (exotoxins: high body temp, nausea, and vomiting)

prokaryotes

cellular organisms that lack a true nucleus

protozoa

a subkingdom comprising the simplest organisms of the animal kingdom, consisting of unicellular organisms ranging in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic, most being free-living but some having commensalistic, mutualistic, or parasitic existences.

reservoir

alternative or passive host or carrier that harbors pathogenic organisms, without injury to itself, and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected

standard percautions

precautions to prevent the transmission of disease by body fluids and substances (handwashing, gloves, PPE, sharp object handling)

sterilization

complete destruction or elimination or elimination of all living microorganisms accomplished by physical methods (dry/moist heat), chemical agents (ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, alcohol), radiation (ultraviolet, cathode), or mechanical methods (filtration)

surgical asepsis

procedure used to prevent contamination by microbes and endospores before, during, or after surgery using sterile technique

vaccine

suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, or rickettsiae) administered for the prevention, improvement, or treatment of infectious disease.

vector

a carrier, especially an animal (usually an arthropod), that transfers an infective agent from one host to another

virion

complete viral particle found extracellularly and capable of surviving in crystalline from and infecting a living cell; comprises the nucleotide (genetic material) and the capsidl also called a viral particle

viruses

any of a group of minute infectious agents not resolved in the light microscope, with certain exceptions (e.g., poxvirus), and characterized by a lack of independent metabolism as well as the ability to replicate only within living host cells.

diseases

occurs only when the microorganism causes injury to the host; includes pneumonia, tuberculosis, gastroenteritis, and diptheria.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

discovered "wee animalcules"

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa parasites

microorganisms that cause disease

bacteria

"the freelancer", single-celled prokaryotes (no nucleus),

can form endospores to survive harsh conditions,

have different shapes: cocci (spheres), bacilli (rod), spirilla (spiral)

identified using: Gram Staining\ (Gram+ = Purple) (Gram- = pink)

Examples: Strep throat, tuberculosis

virus

"the hijacker"

Not a true living cell

contains either DNA or RNA

needs a host cell to reproduce

EX: COVID-19, Influenza.

(They're lazy, they hijack your cells and use your DNA tools to multiply)

Fungi

"the decomposer"

-Multicellular (molds) or unicellular (yeasts) eukaryotic organisms

-reproduce using spores

-thrive in moist environments and feed on decaying matter

-EX: ringworm, althletes foot.

(love damp places and grow from spores like plants)

Protozoa

"the tiny swimmer"

Single-celled Eukaryotes (w/ nucleus)

Move using cilia, flagella (tail) or pseudopods (motility), Often found in water and moist environments.

EX: Malaria, Giardia (are animal like- they swim, eat, and invade)

droplet

By what method are pathogens spread when a person coughs or sneezes

bactericidal

chemical substances capable of killing pathological microbes

virus

not a cell, DNA, or RNA (never both), needs a host cell, reproduces by hijacking host machinery, COVID-19, common cold, mononucleosis, warts.

bacteria

Prokaryote, DNA (in cytoplasm), endospores, gram stain, shape, reproduces by binary fission, strep throat/bacterial pneumonia/food poisoning

fungi

eukaryote, DNA in nucleus, spores/moist growth, reproduces by spores or budding, ringworm/athletes foot (tinea pedis)

protozoa

eukaryote, DNA in nucleus, motility (flagella, cilia), reproduces asexual/sexual, malaria (plasmodium vivax), STD (trichomonas vaginalis)

Encounter, Entry, Spread, Multiplication, Damage, Outcome

6 steps of infection

encounter

involves the infectious organism coming into contact with the host. every individual and every microbe will respond differently.

ENTRY

(LOOK UP INGRESSION/PENETRATION)

recovery, illness, symbiosis

Three outcomes that can result from an encounter with an infectious agent

host, infectious microorganism, mode of transportation, reservoir

chain of infection

microorganism

tiny organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that can cause disease

pathogen

a microorganism that causes disease by multiplying, damaging tissue, or producing toxins.

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa

4 types of disease-causing microorganisms

parasites

organisms that live in or on a host and may cause disease

strep throat, bacterial pneumonia, food poisioning

3 examples of bacteria infections

common cold, mononucleosis, warts

3 examples of viral infections

athletes foot (tine pedis) and ringworm

2 examples of fungal infections

trichomonas vaginalis (STD), Plasmodium vivax (malaria)

2 examples of protozoan infections

latrogenic infection, compromised patients, patient flora, contaminated hospital, bloodborne pathogens

5 sources of nosocomial infections

iatrogenic infection

infection relulting from physician intervention or treatment

compromised patients

Individuals with weakened immune systems

chemotherapy in infection control

use of drugs to kill microbes through selective toxicity

medical reduces microbes and surgical prevents microbial contamination

difference between medical and surgical asepsis

moist heat (autoclave), dry heat, uv light

3 types of physical sterilization

bacteriostatic (inhibits growth) and bactericidal (kills microbes)

2 chemical methods of disinfection

10 to 15 seconds

how long should handwashing take per JCAHO

contact, droplet, airborne

3 types of transmission based precautions

measles (MMR), Tuberculosis, Varicella (chickenpox)

3 airborne precautions (MTV) (on air)

Pertussis (whooping cough), Influenza (flu), Meningitis, Pneumonia

4 droplet precautions (PIMP) (in your face)

when hands are not visibly soiled, before invasive procedures, after contact with intact skin

when should disinfectant gel be used

nails no longer than 1/4 in, no artificial nails, no chipped polish

JCAHO fingernail compliance

bloodborne pathogens

microorganisms in the bloodstream that cause diseases.

hepatitis B, syphillis, malaria, HIV

4 examples of bloodborne pathogens

N95

what masks are worn with airborne precautions

surgical masks

what masks are worn with droplet precautions

chemotherapy, immunization, asepsis (medical and surgical), sterilization (physical/chemical)

4 disease control methods

MRSA, hepatitis A

2 direct contact precautions

angiography

radiographic procedure used to visualize blood vessels after the introduction of contrast material; used as a diagnostic aid in conditions such as cerebrovascular attacks (strokes) and myocardial infarctions

arrythmia

any change from the normal sequence of electrical impulses of the heart, such as bradycardia (slow), tachycardia (fast), atrial/ventricular fibrillation, or rhythm disorders.

arthrography

examination of a joint using x-rays after the injection of opaque contrast material

aseptic

describes a product or method that is free of microbiological organisms.

atelectasis

medical condition in which the lungs are not fully inflated; absence of gas from part or the whole of the lungs as a result of failure of expansion/reabsorption of gas from the alveoli

auscultation

technical term for listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope

benign prostatic hypertrophy

a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, commonly found in men over the age of 50

c-arm

x-ray image intensifier, sometimes referred to as a fluoroscope in medical settings; a highly complex piece of equipments that uses x-ray and produces a real-time imaging that is displayed on a monitor.

central venous pressure (CVP)

pressure of blood in the thoracic vena cava, near the right atrium of the heart; refelects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump blood into the arterial system

contaminated

presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item or surface.

foley catheter

indwelling catheter retained in the bladder by a balloon inflated with air or fluid

isolette

used as an incubator for premature infants; provides controlled temperature and humidity and an oxygen supply

lithotomy position

common position for surgical procedures and medical exams involving the pelvis and lower abdomen; patient is in the dorsal decubitus position with hips and knees flexed and the thighs abducted and externally rotated; also called dorsosacral position

manual resuscitator

(Proprietary name Ambu bag) is a hand-held device commonly used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not breathing or not breathing adequately

myelography

x-ray examination of the spinal canal; a contrast agent is injected through a needle intot he space around the spinal cord to display the spinal cord, spinal canal, and nerve roots on an x-ray; purpose is to evaluate the spinal cord/nerve roots for suspected compression

pneumothorax

accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathalogic process or which mat be introduced deliberately.

purulent

consisting of or containing pus. the term is often used with regard to drainage

serous

having a thin watery constitution; various bodily fluids that are typically pale yellow and transparent and of a benign nature that fill the inside of body cavitities

sterile

aseptic; free of living microorganisms

subungual

beneath a fingernail or toenail

swan-ganz catheter

the flow-directed balloon-tipped pulmonary artery catheter (right heart catheter), initially developed for the management of acute myocardial infarction; provides right heart diagnostic information to rapidly determine hemodynamic pressures, cardiac output, and mixed venous blood sampling.