south and southeast asia (1.3)

Gupta Empire Collapse

Ended in 532 CE, marking close of India’s Classical Era. Disunity followed for 1000 years, impacting post-1200 politics.

Srivijaya Empire Dates

670-1025 CE, Buddhist kingdom based on Sumatra. Controlled sea routes, weakened by Majapahit expansion.

Srivijaya Empire Role

Religious center, levied taxes on ships via Malay Peninsula ports. Monsoon winds boosted trade, strengthening economy.

Rajput Kingdoms Dates

Emerged 7th century in northern India, present-day Pakistan. Hindu kingdoms, often warring, lacked centralized government.

Rajput Kingdoms Vulnerability

No unified rule left them open to Muslim attacks. Monsoon winds enhanced trade, connecting to broader networks.

Khmer Empire Dates

802-1431 CE, near Mekong River, also called Angkor Kingdom. Prosperous due to irrigation, fell to Thai invasion in 1431.

Khmer Empire Culture

Hindu and Buddhist; Angkor Wat temple reflected both religions. Complex irrigation systems fueled economic growth.

Southern India Kingdoms

Chola Dynasty (850-1267) and Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646). Hindu-dominated, extended influence to Ceylon.

Chola Dynasty Role

Ruled southern India, expanded to Sri Lanka in 11th century. Promoted Hindu culture and maritime trade.

Vijayanagara Empire Origins

Founded by brothers Harihara and Bukka, ex-Delhi Sultanate Hindus. Re-embraced Hinduism, ruled until Muslim overthrow in mid-1500s.

Bhakti Movement Dates

Began 12th century in southern India, emphasized emotional devotion to deities. Non-discriminatory, similar to Sufism, spread Hinduism.

Bhakti Movement Similarity

Mystical like Sufism, focused on inner reflection over rituals. Appealed to women, low-status groups, fostering inclusivity.

Delhi Sultanate Dates

13th-16th centuries, brought Islam to India via Turkish warriors. Imposed jizya tax on non-Muslims, fell to Mughals in 1526.

Delhi Sultanate Governance

Inefficient bureaucracy struggled to enforce policies. Defended against Mongols, extended rule southward.

Delhi Sultanate Culture

Islam attracted low-caste Hindus; tensions with Hindus persisted. Urdu language developed, blending Hindi, Arabic, Farsi.

Majapahit Kingdom Dates

1293-1520 CE, Hindu-Buddhist kingdom on Java with 98 tributaries. Controlled sea routes, served as Buddhist study center.

Lal Ded

Poet (1320-1392) from Kashmir, Hindu whose experiential focus appealed to Sufi Muslims. Illustrated Hindu-Muslim cultural interactions.

South Asia Political

Post-Gupta disunity; northern Rajput kingdoms decentralized, southern Chola, Vijayanagara more stable. Hinduism provided cultural unity.

South Asia Cultural Exchange

Indian algebra, geometry spread to Islamic world; Urdu emerged. Qutub Minar symbolized Islamic influence in Delhi.

Southeast Asia Trade

Indian merchants traded gold, textiles, spices since 500 BCE. Monsoon winds facilitated commerce with South, East Asia.

Southeast Asia Religion

Hinduism, Buddhism spread via trade; Srivijaya, Majapahit, Khmer were Buddhist centers. Sinhala dynasties in Sri Lanka Buddhist-focused.

Sinhala Dynasties

Buddhist center in Sri Lanka from 3rd century BCE, with monasteries, irrigation systems. Weakened by Indian invasions, priestly conflicts.

Khmer Empire Temples

Angkor Thom, Angkor Wat showed Hindu-Buddhist blend. Buddhist sculptures added in 12th-13th centuries.

Islam in Southeast Asia

Spread from 700s via merchants, Sufi missionaries, popular in urban Sumatra, Java, Malay Peninsula. Adapted local traditions, boosting conversions.