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Monokaryon
one nucleus per hyphal compartment
Dikaryon
2 nuclei per hyphal compartment
Organelles
Typical eukaryotic assemblage with Golgi equivalents and microbodies
Golgi equivalents
single fold golgi
Microbodies
function in fatty acid degradation and nitrogen metabolism
Spitzenkörper
aggregation of vesicles associated with growing hyphal tips
Spore
-minute propagative unit that functions as a seed but doesn't contain a pre-formed embryo
Heterotrophic
Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms.
Saprobes
organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter
Secretive/Absorptive nutrition
Hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes secreted
Enzymes degrade substances in the environment
Degraded nutrients are absorbed into cell via endocytosis
Cell wall of Fungi
well defined complex matrix of polysaccharides and proteins and contains chitin and one of the major components are glucans and components can change throughout life cycle and between species
Glucans
polymers of glucose
AAA Lysine Biosynthesis
Can make lysine in their bodies
Hypha
basic cellular unit of filamentous fungi and they may be septate or coenocytic (aseptate)
Septate hyphae
contain cross-walls
Coenocytic hyphae
hyphae that contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei
Mycelium
densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus
Sporocarp
any complex fungal structure that contains or bears spores (where tissue differentiation happens)
How to classify diversity?
Ecology, Morphology, Phylogenetics
Challenges with classifying with morphology
Difficult to differentiate between homology and homoplasy
Homology
similarity due to common ancestry
Homoplasy
similarity of characters that evolved independently (product of conversion evolution)
Phenetics
classification of organisms based on phenotypic traits
Phylogenetics
The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms
Zoosprangium
spore case
Oomycetes ("Water molds")
~700 species -Mycelial (coenocytic) -Zoosporangium -Zoospore with two anterior, heterokont flagella (unequal length) -no sporocarp production -aquatic and terrestrial
Slime molds
~850 species -Dictyostelia = cellular slime molds (have septate hyphae) -Myxogastria = plasmodial slime molds (have coenocytic hyphae) -no cell wall -terrestrial
Dictyostelia
cellular slime molds (have septate hyphae)
Myxogastria
plasmodial slime molds (have coenocytic hyphae)
Cryptomycota
~30 species -unicellular -zoospore OR polar filament -ALL intracellular parasites -Highly reduced
Microsporidia
~1500 species -unicellular -zoospore OR polar filament -ALL intracellular parasites -Highly reduced
Chytridiomycota
~700 species
unicellular to mycelial (coenocytic)
zoospore with single posterior flagellum
no sporocarp production
aquatic and terrestrial
Blastocladiomycota
~200 spp.
Mycelial (coenocytic)
Zoospores w/single posterior flagellum
Complex life cycles
Aquatic or terrestrial
Zoopagomycota
~400 species
Mycelium (coenocytic)
Most pathogens of animals or mycoparasites
Sexual reproduction via Zygosporangium
Mucoromycota
~600 species
Coenocytic mycelium
Sexual reproduction viz zygosporangia -> zygospores
Many saprobes and soil fungi
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
Basidiomycota
~25,000 species
Septate mycelium
Clamp connections
Dikaryotic mycelium
Production of basidiospores on a basidium
Production of complex sporocarps
Ascomycota
~35,000 species
Septate mycelia
Monokaryotic, Haploid mycelia
Production of ascospores in an ascus
Production of complex sporocarps
Often dominant asexual reproduction
Diversity of Basidiomycota
~25,000 described species
Growth forms of Basidiomycota
Filamentous to yeast
Reproductive structures of Basidiomycota
Lacking sporocarps to highly developed fruiting bodies
Nutritional Modes of Basidiomycota
Saprobic: Eating of dead organic matter Biotrophic: parasitic Necrotrophic: parasite that kills its host and eats the dead matter
Basidiomycota Symbiosis
Mycorrhizae, insect symbionts, plant & animal pathogens, etc
Dikaryon
2 separate but compatible nuclei in each cell or compartment (unique to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota)
Synapomorphy
a characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively (in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants
Basidium
-Synapomorphy of Basidiomycota
Specialized hyphal tip
Site of meiosis
Products of meiosis = basidiospores
Usually located in specialized regions or tissues (e.g. gills or pores)
Stages of Basidium
Probasidium = (n+n to 2n) - site of karyogamy
metabasidium = (2n to n+n+n+n) - site of meiosis
mature basidium - basidiospores produced exogenously
Sterigma(ta)
Section between basidium and basidiospores
Holobasidium
aseptate basidium
Phragmobasidium
basidium with septations
Basidiospores
one to several haploid nuclei per spore (1-2 most common)
2-8 spores per basidium (4 most common)
Ballistospores
forcibly ejected basidiospores
Statismospores
passively ejected basidiospores that are symmetrically situated on sterigmata
Amyloid spores
blue-black in iodine
Dextrinoid spores
red-brown in iodine
Cystidium
Sterile cell occurring amongst basidia along the hymenium
Hymenium
Fertile portion of mushrooms where spores are produced
Clamp connections
hyphal extension in opposite orientation of growth and function in maintaining the Dikaryon in Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota Life Cycle
Sporocarp (n+n)
Gilled Hymenophore (n+n)
Gill (n+n)
Basidium (n+n -> 2n -> n+n+n+n)
Basidiospore (n)
Monokaryon (n)
Fusion of monokaryons (n -> n+n)
Clamp connections (n+n)
Dikaryon (n+n)
Mycelium (n+n)
Sporocarp primordia (n+n)
Hymenophore
hymenium-bearing structure of a fungal fruiting body
Basidioma(ta)
formal term used to designate to basidiocarp or sporocarp of basidiomycetes (fruiting body)
Pileus
cap or upper surface of basidiomata
Stipe
the stalk of a mushroom (can be central, eccentric, lateral, absent and solid, hollow, or stuffed)
Gleba
enclosed spore mass of gasteromycetes
Peridium
outer tissue that encloses gleba of gasteromycetes, homologous to pileus of mushroom, one to many layers
Veils
-Universal veil (volva and scales) -Partial veil (annulus/skirt)
Pucciniomycotina
-Rusts, marine yeasts -teliospore with phragmobasidium -simple septa -septal pore occlusions
Ustilaginomycotina
-Smut, bunts, yeasts -teliospore with phragmobasidium or holobasidium -"smut septa"
septal pore cap
Agaricomycotina
-Mushrooms, jelly fungi, conks, coral, crusts, puffballs
holobasidium (main) or phragmobasidium
Dolipore septa
Perforated and nonperforated septal pore cap
Resupinate
lying flat on the substratum without a stalk or well defined cap
Light spore print
white, yellow, pink, lilac
Dark spore print
black, purple, brown, red, rust, green