Facts and Terms 25-27

Washington Conference

Washington Conference

attempt to prevent a naval arms race between Britain, US, and Japan; set a 5:5:3 ratio in ship building

5 Power Pact

February 1922; established both limits for total naval tonnage and a ratio of armaments

Kellogg-Briand Pact

concluded the Washington Conference; French minister asked US to join an alliance against Germany, instead decided to ask for an agreement banning war as a means of foreign policy

Good Neighbor Policy

led to successful diplomatic relations in Latin America; US would no longer interfere with Latin American business, a step back from the Roosevelt Corollary

Nye Committee Hearings

investigation by Senator Nye from ND revealed enormous profiteering by many corporations during the war; helped bring about the Neutrality Acts

Neutrality Acts

Neutrality acts of '35, '36, and '37 established mandatory arms embargo against belligerent nations; established the cash and carry policy; limited the role the US could play in stopping or reacting to aggression

Cash and Carry

nation at war could purchase non military goods but had to pay cash for them and ship them away on own vessel; designed to prevent the US from being drawn into another war

Quarantine Speech

FDR warned about the dangers that Japanese aggression posed to world peace; aggressors must be quarantined by the international community to prevent war

Munich Conference

Britain and France met with Hitler at Munich and gave him Sudetenland in return for a promise that Germany would no longer seek expansion; Czech was taken over few months later; used to justify military interventions during/after cold war

USS Panay

1937; Japanese aviators struck this boat as it sailed into China; isolationists wanted to forgive the Japanese for this incident

Interventionalists

people who supported America's entry into war

America First Committee

opposed to the Fight for Freedom Community; influential in preventing the US from aiding the allies

Lend-Lease

GB could not afford to meet cash and carry requirements in 1940; FDR decided to lend and lease armaments to Britain or any nation vital to the defense of the US on no more than the promise to pay back after war

The Holocaust

deliberate destruction of 6 million Jews and 6 million others

Henry J. Kaiser

single handedly steered billions of dollars into vast government projects in the west; changed the entire economy of the pacific coast by the end of the war; shipbuilding in particular

A. Phillip Randolph

president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and wanted all companies with a government contract to integrate the workforce; FDR agreed to form the Fair Employment Practices Commission after he threatened march on Washington with 100,000 blacks

Braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

Fair Employment Practices Commission

response to Randolph threat to march on washington to protest civil rights

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of the new importance of the female industrial work force during WWII

Japanese Internment

small minority of Japanese, mainly from the Pacific coast, were taken by the thousands into the mainland and pressed into government regulated camps

Korematsu v. US

1944; SCOTUS rules that the relocation of Japanese was constitutionally permissible; did not rule on internment camps

Manhattan Project

from 1941 onward, the US government provided $2 billion to make an atomic bomb; 1st successful blast in NM

Yalta

in Feb 1945, the big 3 met in Soviet city Yalta for a peace conference; reached consensus on many subjects but not Poland; many felt FDR gave too much to Stalin and SU

Security Council

most important agreement of Yalta was to form the UN; Security council was a key part of the UN; made up of 5 permanent members (SU, US, France, Britain, China) each having veto power, many cold war disputes fought in it

Containment Doctrine

the idea that Russia was expansionistic historically, the SU would try to expand, US could not try to remove communists from where they were in power but should resist expansion (contain them)

George F. Kennan

helped start containment; helped give war critics credibility during some of the containment wars

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe after ww2 (1948-1952); desire to fight communism by getting rid of poverty, humanitarian concerns to help suffering people, rebuild Europe so they could buy US goods (helped US economy)

National Securities Act of 1947

created the Department of Defense, National Security Council, and the CIA; helped fight the Cold War; led to forceful techniques of getting rid/persecuting foreign/domestic enemies

NATO

organized in 1949 to help 12 nations fight communist threats in Europe; attack on one would be an attack on all

NSC-68

National Security Council report; Truman's review of American Foreign Policy; US could no longer rely on other nations to resist communism

Fair Deal

Truman's 10 point program; called for many domestic programs; called for many reforms (defeated by Congress in 1945); not all, but (incr. SS benefits, min wage, full employment, permanent FEPC, national health insurance, public housing

States' Rights Party

Dixiecrats; southern Democrats who protested against the proposed civil rights program of Truman

General Douglas MacArthur

in charge of Pacific Theater; had major disagreements with Truman; relieved from duty after the no substitute for victory letter

HUAC

House Un American Activities Committee; held investigations to prove that under democratic rule, the government encouraged communism; Nixon was a part of this; led to Hollywood 10 trial and Alger Hiss trial

Alger Hiss

investigated by HUAC; prominent New Dealer; challenged as a communist by Whittaker Chambers; Nixon helped prove that Hiss was guilty of perjury and spent time in prison

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

convicted of leaking info to the Soviets about the atom bomb; eventually executed for treason

Joseph McCarthy

leader in the anti communist crusade; brought down when he accused the army for being a communist haven, most famous leader of 2nd red scare

Checkers Speech

given by Nixon in 1952 after being nominated for VP and after being accused of accepting gifts illegally, televised defense of his integrity; strong public support after the speech saved his spot on the Eisenhower ticket