1.3.5 The service economy

What percentage of the UK's GDP comes from the service sector today?

79%.

What is tertiarisation?

The expansion of the service sector in response to the needs of industries and workers.

Why did tertiary activities cluster in central areas?

Because of a large catchment area population, accessibility, access to a large workforce, and early development of technological infrastructure.

What demographic changes have contributed to the expansion of the tertiary sector?

Higher disposable incomes due to wealth and an ageing population.

How has modern technology affected the tertiary sector?

It has created a demand for new services.

What trend has influenced the growth of retail services like coffee shops?

Changing consumer tastes.

What factors have led to people moving back into cities?

Redevelopment of old industrial areas, affordability of city centre properties, urban population growth, and preference of young professionals for city living.

What is one example of re-urbanisation in Sheffield?

Little Kelham, developed on a former steelworks site.

What social change can result from gentrification?

Low-income residents may be priced out of the area.

How has the population of 20- to 29-year-olds living in city centres changed since 2001?

It has tripled.

What happens to housing in areas experiencing gentrification?

Older housing is renovated or converted into luxury accommodations.

What issues arise for original residents in gentrified areas?

Social exclusion and changes in ethnic diversity.

What are typical features of cities facing decline?

Higher poverty rates, lower employment growth, and lower immigration rates.

Which region in the UK faces most decline among cities?

Northern England.

What is an example of out-of-town retailing?

Meadowhall in Sheffield.

What do office parks provide that makes them attractive?

Lower building costs, good transport links, and a pleasant environment.

What happens to leisure facilities in response to urban changes?

They are often relocated to outer areas with more space.

What impact has internet shopping had on central tertiary services?

It leads to shop closures as central services cannot compete.

What is the 'domino effect' in relation to business closures?

When one closure leads to more closures, growing unemployment.

What happens to the central area in the face of declining shops and services?

It becomes characterized by poorer-quality shops and less choice.

Who benefits from the movement to out-of-town shopping locations?

Those with access to cars.

What has been a consequence of multiple chain store closures like Toys R Us?

Increase in unemployment in affected areas.

How does the change in services affect the social climate of an area?

It can lead to feelings of isolation among residents.

What is a common result of re-urbanisation in urban areas?

An influx of wealthier residents and associated social changes.

What are the characteristics of gentrified urban areas?

Increased desirable housing, enhanced local services, and wealthier demographics.