Chapter 27: Dictatorships and the Second World War

Classical liberals

________ sought to limit the power of the state and protect the rights of the individual.

Stalin

________ seldom appeared in public, but his presence was everywhere- in portraits, statues, books, and quotations from his writings.

Nazi state

The ________ launched a large public works program to help pull Germany out of the depression.

German armies

On September 1, 1939, ________ and warplanes smashed into Poland from three sides.

Rapid industrialization

________ required massive numbers of skilled workers, engineers, and plant managers.

Soviet Union

A charismatic leader typically dominated the totalitarian state- Stalin in the ________, Mussolini in Italy, Hitler in Germany.

Germany

In all conquered territories, the Nazis used a variety of techniques to enrich ________ and support the war effort.

crucial Allied

The spring of 1943 brought ________ victories at sea and in the air.

Britain

________ adopted a policy of appeasement, granting Hitler everything he could reasonably want (and more) to avoid war.

Marxists

________ had traditionally believed that both capitalism and middle- class husbands exploited women, and the Russian Revolution of 1917 immediately proclaimed complete equality for women.

Idealism

________ and ideology had real appeal for many Communists and ordinary citizens, who saw themselves heroically building the worlds first socialist society while capitalism crumbled in a worldwide depression and degenerated into fascism in the West.

Vienna

In ________, Hitler developed an unshakable belief in the crudest distortions of Social Darwinism, the superiority of Germanic races, and the inevitability of racial conflict.

Ukraine

Collectivization in the fertile farmlands of the ________ was more rapid and violent than in other Soviet territories.

II

Because consumption was reduced to pay for investment, there was little improvement in the average standard of living in the years before World War ________.

Hitler

In late 1941 ________ and the Nazi leadership, in some still- debated combination, ordered the SS to implement the mass murder of all Jews in Europe.

Stalins ascendancy

________ had a momentous impact on the policy of the new Soviet state toward non- Russians.

Racist anti Semitism

________ became wildly popular on the far right wing of European politics in the decades surrounding the First World War.

Mussolini

________ became prime minister in 1922, but moved cautiously in his first two years in office to establish control of the government.

great industrialization drive

The ________ of 1928 to 1937 was an awe- inspiring achievement, purchased at enormous sacrifice on the part of ordinary Soviet citizens.

Collectivization

________ was a cruel but real victory for Stalinist ideologues.

Poland

In January 1945 the Red Army crossed ________ into Germany, and on April 26 met American forces on the Elbe River.

party congress

The ________ of 1927, which ratified Stalins consolidation of power, marked the end of the NEP; the following year marked the beginning of the era of socialist five- year plans.

Italy

In the early twentieth century, ________ was a liberal constitutional monarchy that recognized the civil rights of Italians.

Japanese armies

In 1931 ________ invaded and occupied Manchuria, a vast territory bordering northeastern China.

Mein Kampf

In ________, Hitler claimed that Germans were a "master race "that needed to defend its "pure blood "from groups he labeled "racial degenerates, "including Jews, Slavs, and others.

American

On June 6, 1944, ________ and British forces under General Dwight Eisenhower landed on the beaches of Normandy.

Mussolinis Fascist Party

________ drew support from broad sectors of the population, in large part because he was willing to compromise with the traditional elites that controlled the army, the economy, and the state.

1939

In March ________ Hitlers armies invaded and occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia.

German victory

The ________ over Poland in 1939 brought some 3 million Jews under Nazi control.

German submarines

In the first years of the war, ________ had successfully attacked North Atlantic shipping, severely hampering the British war effort.

World War I

________ required state governments to limit individual liberties and intervene in the economy in order to achieve one supreme objective: victory.

Fascists

________ embraced the doctrine of eugenics, a pseudoscience that maintained that the selective breeding of human beings could improve the general characteristics of a national population.

Adolf Hitler

On January 30, 1933, ________, leader of the largest party in Germany, was appointed chancellor by President Hindenburg.

racist war of annihilation

The ________ in Europe was matched by racially inspired warfare in East Asia.

murderous attack

The ________ on European Jews was the ultimate monstrosity of Nazi racism and racial imperialism.

National Socialism

________ grew out of many complex developments, of which the most influential were nationalism and racism.

Steel

________ was the idol of the Stalinist age.

son of an Austrian customs official

The ________, Hitler spent his childhood in small towns in Austria.

Stalin

________ developed a theory of "socialism in one country "that was more appealing to the majority of party members than Trotskys doctrine of "permanent revolution ..

Hitler

In late 1919 ________ joined a tiny extremist group in Munich called the German Workers Party.

Mussolini

________ began his political career before World War I as a Socialist Party leader and radical newspaper editor.

Hitler

In the years of relative prosperity and stability between 1924 and 1929, ________ built up the Nazi Party.