Wardlaw's Perspectives in Nutrition - Chapter 1 Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering key definitions, macronutrients, micronutrients, physiological fuel values, dietary assessment, and research methods from Chapter 1.

Nutrition is defined as the science of food and the nutrients and substances therein, including their action, interaction, and __________ in relation to health and disease.

balance

Substances essential for health that the body cannot make or makes in quantities too small to support life are known as __________.

nutrients

Nutrients needed in large amounts, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water, are classified as __________.

macronutrients

Vitamins and minerals are categorized as __________ because they are needed in small amounts in the diet.

micronutrients

Carbohydrates primarily provide __________ $kcal/g$ of energy to the body.

$$4\,kcal/g$$

Lipids provide __________ $kcal/g$ of energy and are insoluble in water.

$$9\,kcal/g$$

Triglycerides are the major form of fat in food and the body, composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a __________ backbone.

glycerol

The two essential unsaturated fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet are linoleic acid and __________ acid.

alpha-linolenic

In addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, proteins are uniquely composed of the element __________.

nitrogen

The four fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin __________.

K

Trace minerals are inorganic substances required in daily amounts of less than __________.

$$100\,mg$$

Physiologically active compounds found in plants that may provide health benefits are called __________.

phytochemicals

Physiologically active compounds found in foods of animal origin that may provide health benefits are called __________.

zoochemicals

A __________ is defined as the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of $1000\,g$ of water by $1^\circ\text{C}$.

kilocalorie

While not considered a nutrient, alcohol supplies __________ $kcal/g$ of energy.

$$7\,kcal/g$$

Surveys show that North Americans consume approximately __________ percent of their total energy intake as carbohydrates.

$$50\%$$

While hunger is defined as the physical need for food, __________ is defined as the psychological desire to eat.

appetite

Assessment of height, weight, skinfold thickness, and body composition falls under the __________ category of nutritional assessment.

anthropometric

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) was passed in the year __________ and classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal remedies as foods.

1994

To reduce bias in research, a __________ study is conducted where neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the control group or the experimental group.

double-blind