Chapter 17 & 18 A&P LECTURE

1. Describe the pathway of the release of thyroid hormone and its effects. Include the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. Describe the thyroid hormone imbalance and symptoms of Grave's Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. 

The hypothalamus makes TRH, which goes through the hypophyseal portal system to tell the pituitary to release TSH. TSH tells the thyroid to make T3 and T4. In Graves' disease, the immune system makes the thyroid too active, which can cause symptoms such as weight loss and fast heartbeat, and in Hashimoto's thyroiditis the immune system damages the thyroid, which can cause weight gain and feeling cold, so the opposite of Graves.  

1. Describe the pathway of the release of glucocorticoid (cortisol) and its effects. Include the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. Describe the cortisol imbalance and symptoms of Cushing's and Addison's Diseases. 

The hypothalamus makes CRH, which travels through the portal system to the pituitary, which releases ACTH, which tells the adrenal glands to make cortisol. Cushings disease caused by too much cortisol causes things such as weight gain and high blood sugar, while Addison’s disease is too little cortisol, which can cause weight loss and low blood pressure, so they are opposites to each other.  

1. Describe the pathway of the release of growth hormone and its effects. Describe the growth hormone imbalance and the symptoms of Acromegaly, Pituitary Gigantism and Dwarfism. 

The pituitary releases growth hormones which help the body grow and build muscles and bones. Too much GH in children causes pituitary giantism, causing abnormally tall growth. Too little GH can cause dwarfism, and short height with normal body parts. Acromegaly causes large hands, feet, and face. 

1. Define gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis & glycogenesis. Describe the glucose imbalance, the cause, and the symptoms of diabetes mellitus? Include Type 1 and Type 2 in your description.  

Glycogenesis is making glycogen from glucose for storage. Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen to release glucose. And Glucogenesis is making new glucose from things such as protein. Diabetes mellitus is when blood sugar stays too high, Type 1 is where the body doesn’t make insulin, and Type 2 is when the body doesn’t use insulin it has. Symptoms include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and weight loss.  

1. Describe the origin and pathway of the release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin (OT). Include the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. Include the effects on their target organs.  

ADH and OT are made in the hypothalamus and travel down the hypophyseal tract to the pituitary, where they are released into the blood. ADH targets the kidneys to keep water in the body (less urination) and OT targets the uterus to cause contractions and the breasts to release milk.  

1. What antibodies and antigens occur in the blood of different blood types? When discussing blood typing, explain universal donor and universal recipient. Discuss the Rh factor and its relationship to the hemolytic disease of the newborn. 

Type A  has A antigens and anti-b antibodies. Type B has B antigens and , anti- A antibodies. Type AB has A and B antigens and no antibodies, Type O has no antigens and Anti A and B antibodies. A universal donor is type O, while a universal recipient is type AB.  

 

You either have Rh or you don’t. When describing the hemolytic disease of a newborn, it is when a Rh-negative mom has a Rh-positive baby. Her body makes antibodies that can attack the baby’s blood cells.  

1. Blood plasma is mainly comprised of water. Identify the 3 types of blood plasma proteins, and explain the general function of each. In addition, what other solutes are found in blood plasma?

The three main plasma proteins are Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen. Albumin keeps water in the blood to help carry substances. Globulins help fight injections, and Fibrinogen helps with blood clotting. Other solutes found in plasma include nutrients and electrolytes.  

1. Describe the structure of erythrocytes and the process by which erythrocyte components are recycled.  

Erythrocytes are round, flat, and have no nucleus. They carry oxygen using hemoglobin. During the recycling process, old red blood cells are broken down into the liver and spleen. Iron is saved and reused. Bilirubin goes to the liver and is removed and proteins are broken down into amino acids and reused.  

1. Discuss the different types and functions of the various leukocytes found within blood. What is leukopenia, leukocytosis and leukemia?   

There are 5 types of leukocytes, aka white blood cells. Neutrophils are a type of leukocyte that fights bacteria and infection. Lymphocytes help with immunity. Monocytes clean up dead cells and fight infections. Eosinphils fight parasites and allergies. Basophils release chemicals for inflammation. Leukopenia is where there are fewer white blood cells, so there is more of an infection risk. Leukocytosis is when there are a lot of white blood cells, usually from infection. Leukemia is cancer of white blood cells.  

1. What is hemostasis? Briefly describe the three phases of hemostasis. Discuss the survival response that occurs when blood loss exceeds 10%.

Hemostasis is a process that stops bleeding. In the first stage, blood vessels narrow down to reduce blood flow. In the second stage platelets stick to the injury and to each other. And in the third stage proteins begin to clot to form a stable blood clot.If a blood loss is over ten percent, the body goes into a survival response where heart rate increases, and blood is sent to vital organs.