Bio 189 Unit 2 Study Guide

What is a peptide bond?

A bond that links two amino acids together.

Hydrogen bonds between amine and carboxyl groups form which level of protein structure?

b) Secondary structure

__ proteins aid in correctly folding newly formed proteins.

d) Chaperone

How are glycosidic links made and broken?

A dehydration reaction builds glycosidic links. Hydrolysis breaks them apart.

What type of polysaccharide are each of these?

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

What type of bond links fatty acids to glycerol?

Ester linkage

What type of fatty acid is each of these?

Saturated, Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated

What monomer is this?

Nucleotide. Could be a purine or a pyrimidine. Sections: sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base. Forms nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). Linked by phosphodiester bonds. Roles: genetic information, energy transfer. Next monomer joins at the 3' carbon. Adenine complements with Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA).

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose. DNA uses thymine, RNA uses uracil. DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded.

What is the complementary DNA sequence of 5’ – ACCGGT – 3’? Where in the cell would DNA be transcribed into RNA? Where in the cell would RNA be translated into a protein?

5' - ACCGGT - 3' -> 3' - TGGCCA - 5'. RNA sequence: 5' - AUG GCA - 3'. DNA is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus. RNA is translated into protein in the ribosomes.

What is the difference between bound and free ribosomes?

Bound ribosomes produce proteins for export or in lysosomes. Free ribosomes produce proteins for use within the cell.

What are three differences between a plant cell and an animal cell?

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles. Animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes.

Which of these is true regarding chromatin?

e) Chromatin is made of nucleic acids and amino acids

What is chromatin?

Combination of DNA and the proteins that bind to it (histones)

What are the main functions of the cytoskeleton?

Supports the cell and maintains shape, controls position and movement of organelles, helps anchor the cell and/or organelles in place

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules

What system allows our cells to ensure vesicles make it to where they need to go?

The vesicle transport system. Motor proteins. The centrosome.

What connects collagen to the cell?

Integrins

What holds animal cells together?

Integrins, fibronectin, proteoglycans, collagen

Do all cells respond to all signals? What ensures the signal is reached only by the correct cell type?

Not all cells respond to all signals. Specific receptors ensure the signal is reached only by the correct cell type.

What is the step-by-step process in cells for using signal from their environment?

The cell must have a specific receptor that can detect the signal. If the cell has the receptor, the signal transduction pathway is activated, consisting of a signal, receptor and response.

What type of cell signaling is involved in the nervous system?

The nervous system uses synaptic signaling. Mitosis uses paracrine signaling. Cancer cells also use paracrine signaling. The endocrine system uses hormones.

What are the steps of the signal transduction pathway?

Reception, Transduction, Amplification, Response

What are the different types of receptors a signal can bind to?

G protein-coupled receptors and Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

What can receptor tyrosine kinases do that G-protein coupled receptors can't do?

Receptor tyrosine kinases can phosphorylate tyrosine residues and activate multiple relay proteins simultaneously.

What type of cell death happens when a cell begins swelling and eventually ruptures?

Necrosis

What is programmed cell death?

Apoptosis

What are some end results of a signal transduction pathway?

Alter gene expression, regulate enzymes, growth (mitosis), immune response, nerves

What are the 4 polymers (macromolecules) that all living things require?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

What are the building blocks that make up those polymers?

Monomers

What are the biological roles of carbohydrates?

Energy storage, structural components, cell signaling

Carbohydrates are composed of what 3 atoms mainly?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

What is a simple sugar called?

Monosaccharide

What are the monomers (building blocks) of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

If a simple sugar contains 2 carbons, what is it called?

Dioses

If a simple sugar contains 3 carbons, what is it called?

Trioses

What is a Golgi Apparatus’ function?

Receive, sorts and packages proteins for transport out of the cell

If a simple sugar contains 4 carbons, what is it called?

Tetroses

If a simple sugar contains 5 carbons, what is it called?

Pentoses

If a simple sugar contains 6 carbons, what is it called?

Hexoses

If a simple sugar contains 7 carbons, what is it called?

Heptoses

What are some examples of simple sugars?

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

If 2 simple sugars link together, what is it called?

Disaccharide

What reaction linked two simple sugars together?

Dehydration reaction or condensation reaction

What is the linkage called when two simple sugars are linked together?

Glycosidic linkage

What is it called when a few simple sugars are linked together?

Oligosaccharide

What is it called when many simple sugars are linked together?

Polysaccharide

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides and where they occur?

Starch in plants, Glycogen in animals, Cellulose in plant cell walls

Can we digest cellulose? Why or why not?

No, because we lack the enzyme to break the Beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage

What is the functional role of Glycogen?

Energy storage in animals

What is the functional role of Starch?

Energy storage in plants

What is the functional role of Cellulose?

Structural component of plant cell walls

What is the functional role of Chitin?

Structural component in exoskeletons and fungi cell walls

What is the functional role of Peptidoglycan?

Structural support in bacterial cell walls

How would you recognize the structure of a carbohydrate?

Presence of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio, ring structure

What are the types of lipids?

Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids

What elements are fats mainly composed of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

What are the monomers (building blocks) of triglycerides and phospholipids?

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Describe the chemical structure of an unsaturated fatty acid.

Contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

What is an unsaturated fatty acid commonly called?

Oil

Where is an unsaturated fatty acid mainly found?

Plants and fish

Give an example of something you eat that contains unsaturated fatty acids.

Olive oil

Describe the chemical structure of a saturated fatty acid.

Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

What is a saturated fatty acid commonly called?

Fat

Where is a saturated fatty acid mainly found?

Animals

Give an example of something you eat that contains saturated fatty acids.

Butter, lard

What is a simple fat called?

Triglyceride or Triacylglycerol

What are the molecules that compose a simple fat? How many of each?

One glycerol and three fatty acids

What are the main functions of lipids?

Energy storage, insulation, protection

What bond/interaction links simple fats together?

Ester linkage

What is the biological role of a simple fat?

Energy storage

Define amphipathic

Having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Define phospholipids

A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Define bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail

What are the 4 parts of a phospholipid?

Glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a polar head group

Which parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic? Hydrophilic?

Hydrophobic: Fatty acid tails; Hydrophilic: Phosphate group and polar head

What are the biological roles of phospholipids?

Main component of cell membranes (lipid bilayers)

What are the parts of a steroid?

Four fused carbon rings

Why is a simple fat hydrophobic?

Mostly composed of nonpolar C-H bonds

What are the biological roles of proteins?

Enzymes, structural components, transport, defense, movement, cell signaling

Or enzymes, defensive, hormonal/regulatory, receptors, storage, structure, transport, and movement

What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins?

Amino acids

What parts of amino acid monomers are the same?

Amino group, carboxyl group, and a central carbon

What part of amino acid monomers is different?

The R group

How many amino acids are needed in the human body?

20

What are the properties of the three groups of amino acids?

Nonpolar, polar and charged (acidic and basic)

How many amino acids are in each group?

Nonpolar (9), Polar (6), Charged (5)

Describe an oligopeptide

A short chain of amino acids

What are the biological roles of steroids?

Cell signaling (hormones)

Describe protein primary structure. Part? Bond? Shape?

Sequence of amino acids; Amino acids; Peptide bond; Linear chain

Describe protein secondary structure. Part? Bond? Shape?

Folding of the backbone; Backbone; Hydrogen bonds; Alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet

Describe protein tertiary structure. Part? Bond? Shape?

3D folding of a single polypeptide chain; R-groups; Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges; 3D shape

Describe protein quaternary structure. Part? Bond? Shape?

Association of two or more polypeptide chains; Polypeptide chains; Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges; Multi-subunit protein

What conditions can affect protein structure?

Temperature, pH, salt concentration

Describe a polypeptide

A long chain of amino acids

Define denaturation

Loss of a protein's native structure

What are the biological roles of nucleic acids?

Information storage and transfer, enzymatic roles

What are the two nucleic acids in the human body?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

What is each nucleic acid's biological role?

Storage of genetic information, transmission of genetic info, and use of genetic info

What are the monomers (building blocks) of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides