BAKA BIO 5

Gamete

SEX CELL

Haploid

cells with half a stack of chromosomes

Diploid

Cells with maxed out chromosomes

How does Meiosis achieve diversity

random sorting when chromosomes pulled apart in anaphase

crossing over

Prophase I

crossing over occurs

End result of first Meiosis cycle

2 diverse diploid cells

End result of second Meiosis cycle

4 diverse haploid cells

Major difference between mitosis and meiosis

mutations are passed on to daughter cells

How are mutations spread from parent

mutations that must occur in the germ

Inversion of Chromosome

the sequence is messed up after crossing over

Translocation

non matching pairs try to cross over (BIG ERRORS!)

Nondisjunction

chromosomes don’t separate properly

Law of Segregation

in germ making, dominant and recessive alleles separate and randomly assort into germ cells

Purpose of Law of Segregation

increase genetic variation

Genetic Linkage

Two adjacent genes on the same chromosome link together and assort together, thus violating laws of segregation and crossing over

Recombination Frequency

how often two genes crossover each other during meiosis

High RF% means

genes are farther apart, likely to recombine again

Codominance

Both alleles are dominant, both traits are expressed

Incomplete dominance

Both are recessive genes, a blend of both traits is expressed

Multi-allelic phenotypes

Traits/genes that are expressed by more than 2 alleles

Polygenic Inheritance

Groups of genes that represent one trait

Sex-linked traits

traits that are inherited from genes on the X and Y chromosome

Law of independent assortment

2 or more genes do not influence each other when their genes are getting independently segregated