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Subsistence & Commercial Farming

Commercial farming is done with the intention of profit from buyers, while subsistence farming is for the farmer's family or village.

Nation-State vs State vs Nation

A nation-state has defined borders and shared culture; a state has sovereignty and recognition; a nation is a cultural group without political sovereignty.

Megastores

Large retail stores that dominate local markets by offering a wide variety of goods at low prices.

Sector Model

A city model where land uses form sectors radiating out from the central business district.

Domination of Indo-European Languages

The most widespread language family, spoken across Europe, the Americas, and parts of Asia.

Patterns of Development

How countries evolve socially, politically, and economically over time.

Ethnic Neighborhood

A part of a city where residents share a common ethnicity or culture.

Site/Situation

Site refers to physical characteristics of a place; situation refers to its location relative to others.

Absolute/Relative Location

Absolute is exact coordinates; relative describes a place in relation to others.

Remittances

Money sent back home by migrant workers to support family.

Toponyms on Regions in the World

Place names that reflect culture, history, or physical geography.

Township and Range Land Survey System

A rectangular survey system used to divide land in the U.S.

Lingua Franca

A common language used between speakers of different native languages.

OPEC Countries and Location

Countries mainly in the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America that coordinate petroleum policies.

Ecotourism

Environmentally responsible travel to natural areas that supports conservation and local communities.

Primate City & Rank Size Rule

Primate city is disproportionately large; rank-size follows a predictable size hierarchy.

Pidgin & Creole Language

Pidgin is simplified mixed language; Creole is a native language evolved from a pidgin.

US Energy Consumption

The high per-capita use of energy, especially fossil fuels, in the United States.

Supranational Organizations & Examples

Entities where multiple countries work together (e.g., UN, EU).

Intensive/Extensive Agriculture

Intensive: small land, high labor; Extensive: large land, low labor.

Ethnocentrism & Racism

Ethnocentrism: judging cultures by your own standards; Racism: discrimination based on race.

Balkanization

Fragmentation of a region into smaller, often hostile units due to ethnic conflict.

Land Disputes Between Countries

Territorial conflicts between states (e.g., Kashmir, Israel/Palestine).

Urban Sprawl

Uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding regions.

Urban Planning

Designing the physical layout of cities to manage growth and development.

Barrioization

Increase in Hispanic population in a neighborhood, influencing its character.

Rate of Natural Increase

Difference between crude birth and death rates, excluding migration.

GNI/GDP/GNP

GNI: income by citizens; GDP: goods/services within a country; GNP: GDP + foreign income.

New Urbanism

Urban design that promotes walkability, mixed-use, and sustainable communities.

Gravity Model and Industrial Land Patterns

Predicts interaction based on size and distance between locations.

Edge Cities

Suburban business centers with jobs, shopping, and entertainment.

Fertility Rates (Crude & Total)

Crude: births per 1,000 people; Total: avg. children per woman.

Redlining

Refusing financial services to certain neighborhoods based on race or income.

LDCs & Location of Industries

Labor-intensive industries often found in less developed countries.

Most Developed Countries

Nations with high GDP, infrastructure, and quality of life (e.g., US, Japan).

Diffusion of Buddhism

Spread from India to East/Southeast Asia through trade and missionaries.

Gentrification

Wealthy individuals move into and renovate poorer areas, displacing residents.

Blockbusting

Persuading owners to sell homes cheaply due to fear of incoming minorities.

Characteristics of Hinduism

Polytheistic, belief in karma, reincarnation, caste system.

Barriers to Diffusion

Physical, cultural, or political obstacles that hinder the spread of ideas.

Diffusion of Christianity

Spread via colonialism and missionary work, both expansion and relocation diffusion.

Shatterbelt

A region caught between stronger powers, prone to conflict and fragmentation.

Bulk Losing/Bulk Gaining

Losing: input weighs more (e.g., copper); Gaining: product weighs more (e.g., beverages).

Characteristics of Islam

Monotheistic, based on Five Pillars, holy book is the Quran, Mecca is sacred.

Pop vs Folk Culture

Pop is global and changing; folk is local, traditional, and slow to change.

The DTM Structure

Shows population change through 5 stages from high to low birth/death rates.

Environmental Determinism vs Possibilism

Environment shapes culture vs. humans shape culture despite environment.

Rostow’s Economic Development

Five stages of growth; blocked by lack of capital, infrastructure, or stability.

Religions Matched to Its Hearths

Christianity, Islam, Judaism: SW Asia; Hinduism, Buddhism: South Asia.

Types of Maps

Choropleth: shaded; Cartogram: distorted size; Dot: data points; Proportional: scaled symbols; Isoline: contour lines.

Countries in 5th Stage of DTM

Japan, Germany: low birth/death rates, population decline.

Agribusiness

Large-scale, corporate-controlled farming integrated with food processing.

Segregation & Apartheid

Separation based on race; apartheid was South Africa’s legal racial segregation.

Types of Boundaries & Examples

Geometric (U.S.-Canada), Physical (mountains), Cultural (religion/language).

Embargo Act of 1807

U.S. law that halted trade to pressure Britain/France; hurt American economy.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the land.

Nationless State

Ethnic group lacking a sovereign state (e.g., Kurds, Palestinians).

Linguistic Fragmentation

When many languages coexist in a region, complicating unity.

GMOs & Farming

Genetically modified crops for higher yield; concerns include health and biodiversity.

Agglomeration/Deglomeration

Clustering/spreading of industries due to shared benefits or cost avoidance.

Census & Gerrymandering

Census counts population; gerrymandering redraws districts for political gain.

Language Divergence/Convergence

Divergence splits languages; convergence blends them.

Relocation Diffusion

Spread through physical movement of people (e.g., immigration).

Population Density with Urbanization

Densities increase as cities grow and attract residents.

Vertical Integration

A company controls all parts of production, from raw material to sale.

Environmental Benefits of Eat-Local

Reduces emissions, supports community agriculture, often healthier.

Industrialization of Farms

Fewer but larger farms with mechanization and corporate control.

Hierarchical & Reverse Diffusion

Hierarchical: top-down spread; Reverse: small to large areas.

Globalization of the Economy

Global interdependence through trade, finance, and technology.

Shapes of States

Compact, elongated, fragmented, perforated, prorupted affect governance and unity.

Development of Urban Land

Rural-to-urban transformation for housing, commerce, or industry.

Imperialized Areas

Colonized regions (e.g., India by Britain, Congo by Belgium).

Revitalization

Urban renewal to attract investment; often linked to gentrification.

Religions & Regions

Christianity: Americas/Europe; Islam: Middle East; Hinduism: India; Buddhism: East Asia.

Von Thünen

Model of agricultural land use based on distance to market and perishability.

Weber’s Model

Factory location based on transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs.

Types of Agriculture

Includes shifting cultivation, dairy, grain, plantation, Mediterranean, etc.

Griffin-Ford Model

Latin American city model with CBD spine and squatter settlements on periphery.

Federal vs Unitary States

Federal shares power; unitary centralizes power in one government.

Hoteling’s Model

Competing businesses cluster to capture the most customers.

Urban Realms

Each part of a large city functions independently, like a mini city.

Burgess Model

Urban model with concentric rings around the CBD.

Wallerstein’s Core/Periphery

Core: wealthy, industrialized; Periphery: poor, dependent.

Deindustrialization

Decline of manufacturing and rise of service-based economy.

Central Place Theory

Larger settlements offer more services; hierarchy of cities.

Multiple Nuclei Model

City develops around multiple centers of activity.

Megacities & Growth

Cities over 10 million people, mostly in developing countries.

Neocolonialism

Indirect control of LDCs by MDCs via economic/political influence.

Deforestation/Desertification

Destruction of forests; land degradation in dry areas.

Green Revolution

High-yield crops, fertilizers, and technology; increased food, but caused issues.

Hydroelectric Power

Renewable with low emissions, but disrupts ecosystems and has high startup cost.

Borders and Trade

Borders regulate movement; open borders ease trade; closed can restrict it.

Population Pyramids

Visual of population by age and gender; shape shows growth trends.

Dependency Ratio

Ratio of dependents (young/old) to working-age people.

Fossil Fuels

High energy yield but polluting and finite.

GIS vs GPS

GIS analyzes spatial data; GPS gives precise location.

Bid-Rent

Land closer to the city center is more expensive and intensely used.

Carl Sauer

Introduced cultural landscape and studied plant domestication origins.

Mercator Projection

Directionally accurate but distorts size near poles.

Goode’s Projection

Minimizes distortion by splitting oceans; good for spatial data.