Information Systems Exam 1

information technology (IT)

any computer based tool people use to work with information and support organizational needs

information systems (IS)

a system that collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose

6 components of computer based information systems

hardware, software, database, network, procedures, people

hardware

physical devices like computers, monitors, keyboards, printers

software

programs that process data

database

collection of related data files

procedures

instructions for combining components

people

users who interact with the system

transaction processing systems (TPS)

processes daily business transactions

functional area information systems (FAIS)

supports specific departments like finance, marketing, HR, accounting

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems

integrate all functional areas through a common database

business intelligence systems

supports complex decision making

expert systems (ES)

mimics human reasoning

dashboards

provides fast access to information

supply chain management (SCM)

flow of materials, money, information from suppliers through to customers

what are the two types of e-commerce?

business to business (B2B) & business to consumer (B2C)

industrial robots

manufacturing without human interaction

collaborative robots (Cobots)

work alongside humans safely

autonomous vehicles

self driving cars that reduce accidents

IBM Watson

AI that understands natural language, learns, and reasons

network analytics

the application of analytical techniques to examine networks and relationships between entities

nodes

individual entities in a network (people, computers, organizations)

edges

connections or relationships between nodes

centrality measures

which node is the most influential

degree centrality

number of direct connections

betweenness centrality

how often a node lies on the shortest path between other nodes

closeness centrality

how quickly a node can reach all other nodes

network density

proportion of actual connections to possible connections

dense network

everyone knows everyone

sparse network

few connections relative to size

clustering coefficient

degree to which nodes cluster together

high clustering

your friends are also friends with each other

low clustering

your friends don’t know each other

undirected network

the relationship goes both ways

example of undirected network

facebook friends

directed network

the relationship is one way

example of directed network

twitter following

weighted network

connection has different strengths

unweighted network

connection exists or doesn’t

example of weighted network

frequency of email exchanges

example of unweighted network

LinkedIn connection)

social network analysis (SNA)

maps and measures relationships between people, groups, organizations

purpose of social network analysis

used to identify influencers, communities, information flow patterns

business applications

used to understand how information spreads in organizations (finds an employee that connects different departments)

organizational network analysis

a method used to map and measure how work, information, and influence actually flow between people inside a company

customer network analysis

the process of mapping and studying the relationships between customers, and how they influence one another

reach

how many people can be accessed through network

path length

number of steps to connect two nodes

short paths

efficient information flow

“six degrees of separation” concept

any two people on earth are connected by a chain of five or less acquaintances or six total steps

communities/clusters

groups of tightly connected nodes

network effects

value increases as more people join

social computing

a type of information technology that combines social behavior and information systems to create value

traditional information systems

organization controlled content, one way communication, professional content creators

social computing

user generated content, two way dialogue, distributed control

marketing

advertising, brand awareness, viral campaigns

customer relationship management

service, feedback, complaint resolution

human resource management

recruiting, onboarding

product development

crowdsourcing ideas, testing concepts

collaboration

internal network, knowledge sharing

market research

understanding customer preferences and trends

social commerce

social computing in business across all areas

tag

a keyword that describes a piece of information

folksonomies

user generated classifications using tags to categorize and retrieve content

geotagging

special form of tagging that adds location

really simple syndication

technology that allows you to received customized information when you want it without surfing thousands of websites

the blogsphere

the millions of blogs on the web, interconnected through links and conversations

microblogging

form of blogging allowing users to write short messages and publish them

wikis

website made up entirely of content posted by users with “edit” link on each page allowing anyone to change material

social graph

map of all relevant links/connections for one network member

social capital

number of connections a person has within and between social networking

engagement

process of keeping users on websites as long as possible

doomscrolling

infinite scroll specifically of bad news

social commerce

the delivery of electronic commerce activities and transactions through social computing

ethics

the principles of right and wrong that individuals use to make choices that guide their behavior

utilitarian approach

action that provides the most good or does the least harm

rights approach

action that bests protects and respects moral rights of affected parties

fairness approach

actions treat all human beings equally/fairly

common good approach

emphasizes common conditions important to everyone’s welfare

deontology approach

morality based on whether action itself is right or wrong under rules, not on consequences

responsibility

you accept the consequences of your decisions and actions (good or bad)

accountability

determining who is responsible for actions that were taken

liability

a legal concept giving individuals the right to recover damages

privacy

the right to be left along and to be free of unreasonable personal intrusions

information privacy

the right to determine when, and to what extent, information about you can be gathered or communicated to others

true or false? rights of privacy is absolute

false

digital dossier

an electronic profile of you and your habits

profiling

the process of forming a digital dossier

data aggregators

collect both public & non public data to form digital dossiers and sell it to law enforcement

public data examples

real estate records, phone numbers

non public data examples

social security numbers, criminal records

electronic surveillance

tracking peoples activities with the aid of information technology

common surveillance examples

surveillance cameras, digital sensor, license plate recording

photo tagging

assigns names to images

opt out model

company collects data until customer requests stop

opt in model

company cannot collect data unless the customer authorizes

personal data examples

name, address

sensitive personal data examples

racial info, religious or political views, genetic data

data controllers

organizations with relationships to data subjects

data processors

organizations processing data for controllers