anatomy module 1

chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9

anatomy vs physiology

anatomy: the study of the structures of the body

• functional anatomy: anatomy which emphasizes the structural characteristics of a body part that contribute to its function

physiology: the study of the functions of the body

subdisciplines of anatomy

gross anatomy: what you can visually see via dissection, cutting apart

regional anatomy: study a certain part of the body

systemic anatomy: study by organ systems

surface anatomy: based on landmarks

microscopic anatomy: studying physiological and disease processes that occur at the cellular/tissue level (histology)

anterior axial regions

• cephalic (head)

  • frontal

  • orbital

  • nasal

  • oral

  • mental (chin)

• cervical (neck)

• thoracic

  • sternal

  • axillary (armpit)

  • mammary

• abdominal

  • umbilical (belly button)

• pelvic

  • inguinal (groin)

anterior appendicular regions

• upper limb

  • acromial (shoulder)

  • brachial

  • antecubital (elbow)

  • antebrachial (forearm)

  • carpal

• manus (hand)

  • pollex (thumb)

  • palmar

  • digital

• lower limb

  • coxal (hip)

  • femoral

  • patellar

  • crural

  • fibular/peroneal (lateral lower leg)

• pedal (foot)

  • tarsal

  • metatarsal

  • digital

  • hallux (big toe)

posterior axial regions

• cephalic

  • otic (ear)

  • occipital

• cervical

• back (dorsal)

  • scapular

• vertebral

• lumbar

• sacral (tail bone)

posterior appendicular regions

• upper limb

  • acromial

  • brachial

  • olecranal (back of elbow)

  • antebrachial

• manus

  • metacarpal

  • digital

• lower limb

  • femoral

  • popliteal (back of knee)

  • sural (calf)

  • fibular/peroneal

• pedal

  • calcaneal (heal)

  • plantar (sole of foot)

dorsal body cavities

cranial cavity

• formed by the cranial bones, and contains and protects the brain

• lined by meninges

  • layers of protective tissue in the dorsal cavities

vertebral cavity

• formed by bones of the vertebral column, and contains and protects the spinal cord

• lined by meninges

ventral body cavities

thoracic cavity

• contains heart and lungs

• divided into left and right pleural cavities, and mediastinum

• pleural and mediastinum cavities are lined by pleura, heart by pericardium

abdominopelvic cavity

• contains digestive viscera

• contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

• abdominal cavities lined by peritoneum

body membranes

mucous membrane

• lines cavities that are open to the outside environment

  • ex. oral and nasal cavities, vagina, anus

• cells secrete mucous

serous membranes

• lines cavities that are closed to the outside environment

  • ex. thoracic and abdominal cavities

• cells secrete serous fluid

• the two layers are continuous with one another

  • visceral: touches the organ

  • parietal: touches the body wall

basic cellular functions

• obtain and use nutrients

• dispose of wastes

• replicate, regenerate, and repair

membrane lipids

phospholipids

• amphipathic: hydrophobic and hydrophilic sides

• dynamic arrangement

• creates the framework of the plasma membrane

  • phospholipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

• makes up 75% of membrane lipids

cholesterol

• found among the lipid tails of the bilayer

  • only in animal cells

• structural integrity of the plasma membrane

glycolipids/glycoproteins

• only found in extra cellular fluid

• cellular adhesion and recognition

  • sticky

membrane proteins

integral proteins

• imbedded in the bilayer, usually extend across both layers

• act as transporters and channels to assist in the entrance of impermeant molecules

  • carriers: passive (no ATP)

  • pumps: active (ATP)

peripheral proteins

• do not extend across the membrane

• only along inside surface of membrane and can separate easily

• can act as a signal

functions on plasma membrane

• protective barrier

• cellular communications

  • via receptor proteins

• regulates movement of substances in and out

  • membrane transport

passive and active membrane transport

simple diffusion

• fat-soluble molecules move directly through bilayer down concentration gradient

  • high to low

osmosis

• diffusion of water though bilayer

• requires a transmembrane protein (integral protein)

facilitated diffusion

• a transmembrane protein enables the passage of a solute across the membrane

  • water-soluble solutes

active transport

• integral proteins use ATP to actively pump substances across the plasma membrane against concentration gradient

  • low to high, why ATP is needed

vesicular membrane transport

endocytosis (into cell)

• phagocytosis: cell eating

  • pseudopods pull membrane around substance and close off into a phagosome

• pinocytosis: cell drinking

  • pit created in membrane

  • vesicle carries substance

• receptor-medicated endocytosis

  • chemical signals

exocytosis (out of cell)

• vesicle carries substance to plasma membrane, fuses, and releases to extra cellular material

cytoplasm

• cytosol: jelly-like fluid in which all other intracellular elements are suspended

  • water, ions, enzymes

  • site of many chemical reactions

• organelles: specialized structures within a cell that have characteristic shapes and perform specific functions

• inclusions: temporary structures

  • pigments, crystals of protein, food stores

  • ex. glycogen

ribosomes

• required for protein synthesis

• made of proteins and rRNA

  • small and large subunit

• ribosomes are free in cytosol or on the rough ER

endoplasmic reitculum

• network of membrane-enclosed cavities

  • flattened sacs (rough) or tubules (smooth)

• rough ER: protein synthesis

• smooth ER: making or breaking down fats and calcium storage

  • no ribosomes

• ER folds out from the nuclear envelope

• cisternae: describes the folds and shape of the ER