Arthropods Week 3

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Hymenoptera autapomorphies

Hamuli

Haploidy

Modification of protibial spur into antenna cleaner

cenchri

What type of larvae do hymenopterans have (groundplan)?

Eruciform larvae

Apocrita Autapomorphy

Wasp-waist

Tagmata Apocrita

Head, mesosoma, metasoma

Major evolutionary steps

Parasitoidism

Eusociality

Secondary phytophagy

What is Haplodiploidy?

males are mostly haploid (from unfertilized eggs)

Females are mostly diploid (from fertilized eggs)

What phylogenetic position does Hymenoptera have in Holometabola?

Is sister taxon to remaining Holometabola

Which group is the sister taxon to remaining Hymenoptera?

Orussoidea

What is the largest superfamily in sawflies?

Tenthredinoidea

Definition parasitoid

• 1. Kills the host (in contrast of parasite) 

• 2. Uses only 1 host individual (in contrast to predator that eats many ^^)  

In what orders do parasitoids mostly occur?

Hymenoptera

Coleoptera

Diptera

also a few species in Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Strepsiptera and Trichoptera

Ectoparasitoids vs Endoparasitoids

Ectoparasitoid: parasitoids feed externally on their host 

Endoparasitoid: parasitoids develop within the body of their host 

Solitary vs gregarious parasitoids

Solitary parasitoid: one parasitoid specimen per host specimen 

Gregarious parasitoids: more than one parasitoid specimen per host specimen  

How are Endo/Ectoparasitism related to koinobiont/idiobiont?

Endo mostly are koinobiont 

Ectoparasitoid mostly are idiobiont  

Hyperparasitoidism Definition

Parasitoids attack already parasitized hosts and feed on first (primary) parasitoid; also called secondary parasitoids, often facultative 

Multiparasitoidism definition

2 parasitoid species attack same host at same time 

Superparasitoidism

More than one parasitoid female oviposits in one host specimen 

At what stage can the host be infected?

• Egg parasitoids 

• Larval parasitoids 

• Pupal parasitoids 

• Adult parasitoids 

• Egg-larval (transitional stage) 

• Larval-pupa (transitional stage) (more frequent than egg-larval) 

What hymenopteran superfamilies are predominantly or exclusively parasitoids?

Orussoidea

Stephanoidea

Trigonaloidea

Megalyroidea

Evanioidea

Ceraphronoidea

Proctotrupoidea

Diaprioidea

Platygastroidea

Cynipoidea

Chalcidoidea

Mymarommatoidea

Ichneumonoidea

“Chrysidoidea”

:))) I hate my life :)))

Ichneumonoidea

One of most species

Diversity not highest in tropics but in temperate regions!!! Here more species-rich! One of only groups where this trend is other way around 

Braconidae  

Ichneumonoidea

Primary parasitoids 

Endoparasitoids 

Gregarious  

Koinobiont  

Larval parasitoids  

Proctotrupomorpha: what superfamilies?

Chalcidoidea

Mymarommatoidea

Cynipoidea

Proctotrupoidea

Diaprioidea

Platygastroidea

Chalcodoidea

Jewel wasps

Many with shiny metallic coloration, not all tho!, but all parasitoid wasps w metallic coloration are Jewel wasps  

Mymaridae

Look funny  

Egg parasitoids  

Primary parasitoids 

Endoparasitoids  

Solitary (one per egg) 

Idiobiont (kills embryo at oviposition:/) 

Agaonidae 

• Fig wasps 

• Obligate mutualism with fig trees, exclusively pollinated by fig wasps! 

Chalcodoidea

Mymarommatoidea 

• Not super diverse, just a couple of species 

• Just one family 

• Cover model of Hymenoptera of the world! 

Proctotrupoidea 

Proctotrupidae → only important family for us:))

Heloridae 

Proctotrupidae

Wing venation: 2 veins close to each other, + stigma 

Diaprioidea 

Only 1 family relevant: 
Diapriidae: 

• Fly pupa parasitoids  

• Super abundant + diverse 

• Strange head: antennae inserted at clear shelf that protrudes the head (“Shelf-headed wasp”)  

Platygastroidea 

only 2 families that really matter:

Scelionidae 

• Reduced wing veination  

• Parasitize basically everything 

Platygastridae 

• Inostemma: weird :/ but very abundant  

• All parasitize gall midges (Cecidomyiidae)  

Cynipoidea 

… eg Figitidae

Evanioidea

Evaniidae 

• Parasitize roach eggs  

• Does not match definition of parasitoid wasp since one eats multiple

  Gasteruptiidae 

• Family you find most frequently