Kinesiology Chapter 1

Anatomical position

Fundamental position

Posterior

in front of

Anterior

on top of

Superior

beneath of

Inferior

closer to axial skeleton

Proximal

further from axial skeleton

Distal

Superficial

Closer to the body’s surface

Deep

Structures further from body’s surface / closer to body’s core

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Supine

Prone

closer to head

Cephalic

Caudal

Dorsal

Ventral

Volar

Palm side of the hand

divides the body top and bottom

Transverse Plane

divides body left and right

Sagittal Plane

divides the body front and back

Frontal plane

moving arms away from midline

frontal plane abduction

moving arms toward midline

frontal plane adduction

Lateral flexion + reduction in frontal plane

Frontal Plane Radial Deviation

movement of the hand away from the midline

Frontal Plane Ulnar Deviation

movement of the hand towards the midline in the frontal plane

Frontal Plane Inversion

movement of ankle in frontal plane with sole of foot rotating inward

Frontal Plane Eversion

movement of ankle where sole of the foot is rotated outward on the frontal plane

Frontal Plane Elevation/Depression

upward movement of a body part in frontal plane and downward movement of a body part in the same plane (example shrugging or moving jaw)

Frontal Plane Upward Rotation

increasing the degrees between body part and midline

Frontal Plane Downward Rotation

decreasing the degrees between body part and midline

Sagittal Plane Flexion/Extension

moving body part to split the body left and right

Sagittal Plane Dorsal Flexion

Sagittal Plane Plantar Flexion

Opposition

movement of the thumb that allows it to touch or cross over the other fingers

circumduction

the circular movement of a limb at a joint

Transverse Plane Internal Rotation + External Rotation

rotary movement of bones either toward or away from midline

Transverse Plane Pronation

Movement across the transverse plane toward midline

Transverse Plane Supination

Movement across the transverse plane away from midline

Transverse Plane Protraction + Retraction

Movement of the body part forward or backward (respectively)

Transverse Plane Horizontal Flexion + Horizontal Extension (Adduction/Abduction)

Transverse Plane External Rotation

rotary movement away from body; must specify direction every time

Transverse Plane Internal Rotation

rotary movement towards body; must specify direction every time

Transverse Plane Wrist/hand Pronation

Fundamental position rotating palms toward midline

Transverse Plane Wrist/Hand Supination

fundamental position rotating palms away from midline

Shoulder/Girdle Protraction

movement of scapula in transverse plane where scapula moves forward

Shoulder/Girldle Retraction

movement of scapula in transverse plane where scapula moves backward

Horizontal Adduction in Transverse Plane

humerus movement toward midline (flexion)

Horizontal Abduction in Transverse Plane

humerus movement away from midline (extension)

Skeleton Functions

Protection, Support, movement (by attachment to muscles), mineral storage, hemopoisesis (forming new blood cells in bone marrow)

Long Bones

length is bigger than diameter (shape shows function)

Short Bones

length and width are about the same size

Flat Bones

thin - length and/or width is bigger than diameter

Irregular Bones

Cannot fit in category but used a lot for mineral storage

Sesamoid Bones

continuous with soft tissue which heighten difference to increase motion

Wolfe’s Law

a bone changes shape and looks as a result of compression and tension

Process I

processes that form joints

Condyle

rounded projection that forms a pair in a joint

Head

rounded projection in a joint

Facet

Flat surface in a joint

Process II

elevations and projections on a bone

Tubercle

smallest, rounded projection where soft tissue attaches

tuberosity

medium, rounded projection of three where soft tissue attaches

trochanter

largest, round projection of three where soft tissue attaches (most tension from muscles pulling)

suture

long and skinny projection where soft tissue attaches (smallest of 4)

line

long and skinny projection where soft tissue attaches (2nd smallest)

spine

long and skinny projection where soft tissue attaches (3rd smallest)

crest

largest long and skinny projection where soft tissue attaches

Process III

depressions that hold protect or hold soft tissue

sinus

cavity or hole where soft tissue is housed

fovea

where ligaments are attached in a pot hole formation

fossa

soft tissue attaches in a bowl-shape

sulcus/groove

long and skinny depression

facet

flat surgace where soft tissue is held

foramen

a hole in a bone where soft tissue is held

meatus

tube-like passageway

Synarthrotic Joints

immovable joints

Amphiarthrotic Joint

allow for slight movement

Diarthrotic Joints

freely moveable joints that allow for a large range of motion

Uniaxial

two motions on one axis

Biaxial

four movements on two axes

Triaxial

six movements around all three axes

Suture (joint)

narrow joint that is only found in skull

Gomphosis

joint with no movement (teeth)

Symphysis

when two bones are separated by fibrocartilage pad/ring that allows slight movement (ex: symphysis pubis)

Syndemosis

when two bones are slightly moveable next to each other and are connected by a strong ligament or interosseus membrane (most elastic)

synchondrosis

when two bones/joint are separated by a hyaline cartilage that allows for very slight movement between the bones (most stiff) (ex: ribs movement to breathe)

Extrinal Ligaments in Diarthrodial Joints

connecting bone to bone outside of knee that are used for support and prevent the tibia and fibula moving left to right

Intrinal Ligaments in Diarthrodial Joints

connecting bone to bone inside of the knee that prevents tibia and fibula from going forward and backward inside the joint capsule

Cartilage in Diarthrotic Joints

used as pillows to help cushion knee movements (ex: meniscus)

Hinge

uniaxial joint movement that only moves in two directions (ex: knee, elbow, finger)

Pivot

uniaxial movement in the transverse plan that only rotates (ex: radius and ulna)

Condyloid

biaxial movement with a concave bone and convex joint that allow flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

Saddle

biaxial joint where bones will look concave or convex depending on how you look at it (only carpal and metacarpal bones)

gliding

triaxial joint movement where a combination of flat, boney surfaces against each other make one big motion

ball and socket joint

allows for six movements along three axes- meaning it is the least stable of all joints