APUSH Period 4 Vocab Quiz B

Erie Canal

Erie Canal

The completion of the _____  in New York State in 1825 was a major event in linking the economies of western farms and eastern cities. The success of this canal in stimulating economic growth touched off a frenzy of canal building in other states. In little more than a decade, canals joined together all of the major lakes and rivers east of the Mississippi. Improved transportation meant lower food prices in the East, more immigrants settling in the West, and stronger economic ties between the two sections

Robert Fulton

The age of mechanized, steam-powered travel began in 1807 with the successful voyage up the Hudson River of the Clermont, a steamboat developed by ________

(Waltham) Lowell System

At first, factory owners had difficulty finding workers for their mills. Factory life could not compete with the lure of cheap land in the West. In response to this difficulty, textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories. In the 1830s, other factories imitated the _______.

Market Revolution

Specialization on the farm, the growth of cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism meant the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. These changes combined to bring about a _______. Farmers provided food to feed workers in cities, who in turn provided an array of mass-produced goods to farm families. For most Americans, the standard of living increased. At the same time, however, adapting to an impersonal, fast-changing economy presented challenges and problems

Eli Whitney

Slavery grew rather than declined beginning in 1793 when ______ invented the cotton gin, a device for separating cotton fiber from the seeds.

Universal Male suffrage

Western states newly admitted to the Union—Indiana (1816), Illinois (1818), and Missouri (1821)—adopted state constitutions that allowed all White males to vote and hold office.

Spoils System

Winning government jobs became the lifeblood of party organizations. At the national level, President Jackson believed in appointing people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had actively campaigned for the Democratic Party. Any previous holder of the office who was not a Democrat was fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. This practice of dispensing government jobs in return for party loyalty was called the ________ because of a comment that, in a war, victors seize the spoils, or wealth, of the defeated.

Rotation in office

Jackson believed in a system of _______. By limiting a person to one term in office, he could then appoint some other deserving Democrat in his place.

Corrupt Bargain in 1824

The election of 1824 was split four ways, Jackson lacked a majority in the Electoral College as required by the Constitution. Therefore, the House of Representatives had to choose a president from among the top three candidates. Henry Clay used his influence in the House to provide John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts with enough votes to win the election. When President Adams appointed Clay his secretary of state, Jackson and his followers charged that the decision of the voters had been foiled by secret political maneuvers. Angry Jackson supporters accused Adams and Clay of making a ________

Andrew Jackson

________ presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against abuses of power by the rich and the privileged. He served as president from 1829-1837

Martin Van Buren

Following the two-term tradition set by his predecessors, Jackson did not seek a third term. To make sure his policies were carried out even in his retirement, Jackson persuaded the Democratic Party to nominate his loyal vice president, __________, who was a master of practical politics

Indian Removal Act, 1830

Jackson’s concept of democracy did not extend to American Indians. Jackson sympathized with land-hungry citizens who were impatient to take over lands held by American Indians. Jackson thought the most humane solution was to compel the American Indians to leave their traditional homelands and resettle west of the Mississippi. In 1830, he signed into law the _______, which forced the resettlement of many thousands of American Indians.

Worcester V. Georgia (1832)

When the Cherokees challenged Georgia in the courts, the Supreme Court ruled in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia that Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. But in a second case, ___________, the high court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory. In this clash between a state’s laws and the federal courts, Jackson sided with the states. The Court was powerless to enforce its decision without the President’s support

Trail of Tears

Most Cherokees repudiated the settlement of 1835, which provided land in the Indian territory. In 1838, after Jackson had left office, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia. The hardships on the ______ westward caused the deaths of 4,000 Cherokees.

Tariff of Abominations

Adams further alienated the followers of Jackson when he asked Congress for money for internal improvements, aid to manufacturing, and even a national university and an astronomical observatory. Jacksonians viewed all these measures as a waste of money and a violation of the Constitution. Most significantly, in 1828, Congress patched together a new tariff law, which generally satisfied northern manufacturers but alienated southern planters. Southerners denounced it as a “__________.”

Nullification Crisis

The showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

Daniel Webster

In 1830, the conflicting views of the nature of the federal Union under the Constitution led to a dramatic exchange of speeches between Senators _____ of Massachusetts and Robert Hayne of South Carolina. ________ argued for the rights of states. In response, _____ attacked the idea that any state could defy or leave the Union.

John C. Calhoun

________ helped steer the United States into war with Great Britain and established the Second Bank of the United States. He opposed the Mexican-American War and the admission of California as a free state, and was renowned as a leading voice for those seeking to secure the institution of slavery.

Bank Veto

One issue of Jacksons presidency concerned the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. This bank and its branches, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and downs of the national economy. The banks president Nocholas Biddle, managed it effectively. Biddle’s arrogance, however, contributed to popular suspicion that the bank abused its powers and served the intrests of only the wealthy. Jackson shared this belief and also believed the bank to be unconstitutional. Henry Clay, Jackson’s political opponent, favored the bank. During the next election year, Clay challenged Jackson by persuading the majority of Congress to pass a bank recharter bill. Jackson vetoed it, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly and enriched the wealthy. 

Roger Taney

After winning reelection in 1832, Jackson moved to destroy the Bank of the United States. Jackson attacked the bank by withdrawing all federal funds. Aided by Secretary of the Treasury _______, he transferred the funds to various state banks, which Jackson’s critics called “pet banks.”

Democrats

In the 1830s, under presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, the _______ party developed the characteristics it retained until the end of the century. It was willing to use national power in foreign affairs when American interests were threatened, but in economic and social policy it stressed the responsibility of government to act cautiously, if at all. The _______ argued that the national government should do nothing the states could do for themselves, and the states nothing that localities could do.

Whigs

The party was formed in 1834 by members of the defunct National-Republican Party and others opposed to the policies of President Andrew Jackson. It was composed of many factions, united only in their opposition to the Democratic Party. Mainly supported Henry Clay. Anti-Jackson. Strong federal government. For internal improvements and BUS

Henry Clay

______ and John Calhoun proposed a new tariff to replace the “tariff of abominations” that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the Tariff of 1816. This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Specie Circular

As a result of both Jackson’s financial policies and the feverish purchase of western lands by many speculators, prices for land and various goods became greatly inflated. Jackson hoped to check the inflationary trend by issuing a presidential order known as the _______. It required that all future purchases of federal lands be made in specie (gold and silver) rather than in paper banknotes. Soon afterward, banknotes lost their value and land sales plummeted.

Panic of 1837

Just as Van Buren took office, the country suffered a financial panic known as _______ as one bank after another closed its doors. Jackson’s opposition to the rechartering of the Bank of the United States was only one of many causes of the panic and resulting economic depression. But the Whigs were quick to blame the Democrats for their laissez-faire economics, which advocated for little federal involvement in the economy

“Log Cabin and Hard Cider“ Campaign of 1840

In the election of 1840, the Whigs were in a strong position to defeat Van Buren and the Jacksonian Democrats. Voters were unhappy with the bad state of the economy. The Whigs took campaign hoopla to new heights. To symbolize Harrison’s humble origins, they put log cabins on wheels and paraded them down the streets of cities and towns. They also passed out hard cider for voters to drink and buttons and hats to wear.

John Marshall

First chief justice; established power of supreme court and federal power. created a stable environment for business. Established Judicial review in Marbury v. Madison case

Marbury V. Madison (1803)

Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. Established judicial review

McCulloch V. Maryland (1819)

Maryland attempted to tax the Second Bank of the United States, which was located in Maryland. Marshall ruled that a state could not tax a federal institution because “the power to tax is the power to destroy” and federal laws are supreme over state laws. In addition, Marshall settled the long-running debate over constitutionality of the national bank. Using a loose interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gave the federal government the implied power to create one.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1824)

This case involved a law of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered college into a public institution. The Marshall Court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state

Gibbons V. Ogden (1824)

Could the state of New York grant a monopoly to a steamboat company if that action conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress? In ruling that the New York monopoly was unconstitutional, Marshall established the federal government’s broad control of interstate commerce