Foundations PPCP

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What primary goal do all healthcare providers focus on regarding patient care?

Optimizing patient outcomes.

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What are the five disease management goals for healthcare providers?

Cure a disease, eliminate/decrease symptoms, slow/halt a disease process, prevent disease or symptoms, and prolong life and quality of life.

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist
What are the nine standards of practice for clinical pharmacists defined by ACCP?

Qualifications,

Process of Care,

Documentation,

Collaborative team-based practice & privileging,

Professionalism & Ethics,

Professional Development / Maintenance of Competence,

Research & Scholarship

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What type of care do clinical pharmacists provide across all healthcare settings?

Comprehensive medication management

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What post-licensure experience or training is required for entry into direct patient care clinical practice?

Accredited residency training or equivalent post-licensure experience.

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What credential can a clinical pharmacist obtain after meeting eligibility criteria specified by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS)?

Board certification.

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What four components make up the clinical pharmacist's Process of Care standard?

Assessment of medication-related needs, evaluation of medication therapy, development and implementation of a care plan, and follow-up evaluation and monitoring.

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What three items must a clinical pharmacist document under the Documentation standard?

Medication history, active problem list with assessment of each problem, and plan of care

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist
What written agreements allow clinical pharmacists to practice in a collaborative team-based environment?

Collaborative drug therapy management agreements

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

Where may clinical pharmacists obtain clinical privileges to practice direct patient care?

From the medical staff where they practice.

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What type of relationship exists between a clinical pharmacist and their patients under the Professionalism & Ethics standard?

A covenantal relationship.

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What five traits of professionalism must clinical pharmacists demonstrate?

Responsibility/accountability, commitment to excellence, respect for others, honesty & integrity, and care & compassion.

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What are two ways clinical pharmacists maintain active competence?

Active licensure maintenance/continuing education and Board certification.

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What organization oversees board certification in clinical pharmacy specialties?

Board of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS).

Learning Objective 1: Describe the standards of practice for clinical pharmacist

What is the purpose of clinical pharmacists participating in research and scholarship?

To advance human health, contribute to medical literature in evidence-based pharmacotherapy, and disseminate/apply research findings

Learning Objective 2: Explain different drug-related problems a pharmacist may identify when assessing a patient

What is the general definition of a Drug-Related Problem (DRP)?

An event or circumstance involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes.

How many main classifications of Drug-Related Problems are established in the Hepler-Strand framework?

Eight categories.

What is DRP #1 (Untreated Indication)?

A medical condition that requires drug therapy but the patient is not receiving it.

What is one scenario that causes an Untreated Indication DRP?

A medical condition that has not been diagnosed yet or requires combination drug therapy for a synergistic effect

What is DRP #2 (Inappropriate Medication / Improper Drug Selection)?

A medical condition for which the wrong drug is being used.

What is DRP #3 (Subtherapeutic Medication)?

A medical condition for which too little of the correct drug is being taken.

What is one reason a patient might experience a Subtherapeutic Medication DRP?

Wrong antibiotic dose, switching from IV to oral route decreasing bioavailability, or a drug with a short half-life wearing off between doses.

What is DRP #4 (Supertherapeutic Medication / Overdosage)?

A medical condition for which too much of the correct drug is being taken.

What renal or hepatic issue can lead to a Supertherapeutic Medication DRP?

Drug accumulation due to kidney or liver dysfunction.

What is DRP #5 (Adverse Reaction)?

A medical condition resulting from an adverse drug reaction.

What type of adverse reaction is predictable and dose-dependent?

Type A / dose-dependent adverse drug reactions.

What type of adverse reaction typically warrants an immediate change to another therapy?

Allergic or idiosyncratic reactions.

What is DRP #6 (Drug Interactions)?

A medical condition resulting from drug-drug, drug-food, or drug-laboratory interactions.

How does milk interact with iron products?

Milk inhibits the absorption of iron products

How do enzyme inducers or inhibitors cause drug-drug interactions?

They speed up or slow down the metabolism of other drugs.

What is DRP #7 (Not Receiving Prescribed Drug / Failure to Receive Drugs)?

A medical condition resulting from a patient not receiving or taking the prescribed drug.

What are five factors that can affect patient compliance leading to DRP #7?

Poverty/cost, patient beliefs/culture, lack of education/understanding, lack of communication, and lack of absorption (pH).

What is DRP #8 (Unnecessary Medication / Drug Use Without Indication)?

A medical condition resulting from taking a drug that has no medical indication for that patient.

What are two risks associated with Unnecessary Medication DRPs?

Adverse reactions and duplicate therapy.

Learning Objective 3: Assess a given patient for drug-related problems

What is the primary focus of a pharmacist when performing clinical reasoning to assess a patient?

The patient's health goals and optimal medication outcomes.

Learning Objective 3: Assess a given patient for drug-related problems
What four drug therapy criteria must a pharmacist assess for every medication taken by a patient?

Appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence

Learning Objective 3: Assess a given patient for drug-related problems

When assessing patient-specific factors, what non-pharmacologic elements must be evaluated?

Health and functional status, cultural factors, health literacy, and access to medications.

Learning Objective 3: Assess a given patient for drug-related problems

What preventive health elements should a pharmacist evaluate during patient assessment?

Health status, immunization status, and required preventive care services.

Learning Objective 3: Assess a given patient for drug-related problems

What serve as the main focus for developing a systematic process for patient evaluation?

Identifying Drug-Related Problems (DRPs).

Learning Objective 4: Describe the steps, in order, for the pharmacist's patient care process

What entity established the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process (PPCP)?

The Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP).

What year was the original PPCP published by JCPP?

2014

What is placed at the absolute center of the PPCP process wheel?

Person-Centered Care (or Patient-Centered Care).

What three continuous components encircle the core of the PPCP process wheel?

Communicate, Collaborate, and Document.

What is Step 1 of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process?

Collect

What is Step 2 of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process?

Assess

What is Step 3 of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process?

Plan

What is Step 4 of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process?

Implement

What is Step 5 of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process?

Follow-Up: Monitor and Evaluate.

What type of subjective information is collected during the Collect step?

Chief complaint, history of present illness, patient preferences, habits, medical history, and socioeconomic factors.

What type of objective information is collected during the Collect step?

Active medication list, OTC/herbal use, laboratory test results, and physical assessment findings

What is the primary goal of the Assess step in the PPCP?

To analyze collected data and prioritize problems to achieve optimal care.

What three attributes must an individualized care plan have according to the Plan step?

It must be patient-centered, evidence-based, and cost-effective.

Who does the pharmacist collaborate with when developing a care plan during the Plan step?

Other healthcare professionals and the patient or caregiver.

What actions can a pharmacist take regarding medication therapy during the Implement step?

Initiate, modify, discontinue, or administer medication therapy

What key educational task is performed during the Implement step?

Providing education and self-management training to the patient or caregiver.

What is evaluated during the Follow-Up step of the PPCP?

The effectiveness and safety of the care plan, modifying it as needed.

What are the key updates made to the PPCP framework in Fall 2025?

Revised focus on person-centered care (not medication-centered), interprofessional collaboration, technology & telehealth, documentation/communication, and applicability across all practice settings